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The immunological significance of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors (TRAFs)
International Immunology ( IF 4.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-28 , DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab058
Takanori So 1
Affiliation  

Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor (TRAF) family of molecules are intracellular signaling adaptors and control diverse signaling pathways mediated not only by the TNFR superfamily and the Toll-like receptor/IL-1 receptor superfamily but also by unconventional cytokine receptors such as IL-6 and IL-17 receptors. There are seven family members, TRAF1 to TRAF7, in mammals. Exaggerated immune responses induced through TRAF signaling downstream of these receptors often lead to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and autoinflammatory syndromes, and thus those signals are major targets for therapeutic intervention. For this reason, it has been very important to understand signaling mechanisms regulated by TRAFs that greatly impact on life/death decisions and the activation, differentiation and survival of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated cellular expression and/or signaling of TRAFs causes overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which facilitates aberrant activation of immune cells. In this review, I will explain the structural and functional aspects that are responsible for the cellular activity and disease outcomes of TRAFs, and summarize the findings of recent studies on TRAFs in terms of how individual TRAF family molecules regulate biological and disease processes in the body in both positive and negative ways. This review also discusses how TRAF mutations contribute to human disease.


中文翻译:

肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(TRAFs)的免疫学意义

摘要
肿瘤坏死因子受体 (TNFR) 相关因子 (TRAF) 分子家族是细胞内信号转导接头,控制多种信号通路,不仅由 TNFR 超家族和 Toll 样受体/IL-1 受体超家族介导,还由非常规细胞因子介导受体如 IL-6 和 IL-17 受体。哺乳动物中有 7 个家族成员,从 TRAF1 到 TRAF7。通过这些受体下游的 TRAF 信号传导诱导的过度免疫反应通常会导致炎症和自身免疫性疾病,包括类风湿性关节炎、炎症性肠病、牛皮癣和自身炎症综合征,因此这些信号是治疗干预的主要目标。为此原因,了解由 TRAF 调节的信号机制非常重要,这些信号机制对生/死决策以及先天性和适应性免疫系统细胞的激活、分化和存活产生重大影响。越来越多的证据表明,TRAFs 的细胞表达和/或信号传导失调会导致促炎细胞因子的过度产生,从而促进免疫细胞的异常激活。在这篇综述中,我将解释导致 TRAF 的细胞活性和疾病结果的结构和功能方面,并总结最近关于 TRAF 的研究结果,即单个 TRAF 家族分子如何调节体内的生物和疾病过程以积极和消极的方式。这篇评论还讨论了如何 先天性和适应性免疫系统细胞的分化和存活。越来越多的证据表明,TRAFs 的细胞表达和/或信号传导失调会导致促炎细胞因子的过度产生,从而促进免疫细胞的异常激活。在这篇综述中,我将解释导致 TRAF 的细胞活性和疾病结果的结构和功能方面,并总结最近关于 TRAF 的研究结果,即单个 TRAF 家族分子如何调节体内的生物和疾病过程以积极和消极的方式。这篇评论还讨论了如何 先天性和适应性免疫系统细胞的分化和存活。越来越多的证据表明,TRAFs 的细胞表达和/或信号传导失调会导致促炎细胞因子的过度产生,从而促进免疫细胞的异常激活。在这篇综述中,我将解释导致 TRAF 的细胞活性和疾病结果的结构和功能方面,并总结最近关于 TRAF 的研究结果,即单个 TRAF 家族分子如何调节体内的生物和疾病过程以积极和消极的方式。这篇评论还讨论了如何 促进免疫细胞的异常激活。在这篇综述中,我将解释导致 TRAF 的细胞活性和疾病结果的结构和功能方面,并总结最近关于 TRAF 的研究结果,即单个 TRAF 家族分子如何调节体内的生物和疾病过程以积极和消极的方式。这篇评论还讨论了如何 促进免疫细胞的异常激活。在这篇综述中,我将解释导致 TRAF 的细胞活性和疾病结果的结构和功能方面,并总结最近关于 TRAF 的研究结果,即单个 TRAF 家族分子如何调节体内的生物和疾病过程以积极和消极的方式。这篇评论还讨论了如何TRAF突变导致人类疾病。
更新日期:2021-08-28
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