Immune mechanisms are critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Associations of specific antibody levels and defined B-cell subsets with cardiovascular disease activity in humans as well as mounting evidence from preclinical models demonstrate a role of B cells and humoral immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These include all aspects of B-cell immunity, the generation of antigen-specific antibodies, antigen presentation and co-stimulation of T cells, as well as production of cytokines. Through their impact on adaptive and innate immune responses and the regulation of many other immune cells, B cells mediate both protective and detrimental effects in cardiovascular disease. Several antigens derived from (oxidized) lipoproteins, the vascular wall and classical autoantigens have been identified. The unique antibody responses they trigger and their relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the different effector functions of specific IgM, IgG, and IgE antibodies and the cellular responses they trigger and highlight potential strategies to target B-cell functions for therapy.

中文翻译：

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动脉粥样硬化和心肌梗死的体液免疫：从 B 细胞到抗体

免疫机制与动脉粥样硬化的发病机制及其临床表现密切相关。特定抗体水平和确定的 B 细胞亚群与人类心血管疾病活动的关联以及来自临床前模型的越来越多的证据表明 B 细胞和体液免疫在动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病中的作用。这些包括 B 细胞免疫的所有方面、抗原特异性抗体的产生、抗原呈递和 T 细胞的共刺激，以及细胞因子的产生。通过对适应性和先天免疫反应的影响以及对许多其他免疫细胞的调节，B 细胞介导心血管疾病的保护和有害作用。几种来自（氧化的）脂蛋白的抗原，血管壁和经典自身抗原已被鉴定。回顾了它们引发的独特抗体反应及其与动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的关系。特别是，我们关注特定 IgM、IgG 和 IgE 抗体的不同效应功能及其触发的细胞反应，并强调针对 B 细胞功能进行治疗的潜在策略。