Past taxonomies of goal-content have focused (either exclusively or predominantly) on generally-desirable values, and they suggest that some values oppose other values. However, many goals are generally-undesirable (i.e., the average person is committed to avoiding them), and these “vices” have been under-studied. This is an important gap because other models suggest that the “opposite” of a value is actually a vice.

中文翻译：

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价值的“对立面”是什么？对一般不受欢迎的目标内容结构的词汇调查

过去的目标内容分类法（完全或主要）关注普遍合意的价值，它们表明某些价值与其他价值相对。然而，许多目标通常是不受欢迎的（即普通人致力于避免它们），而这些“恶习”尚未得到充分研究。这是一个重要的差距，因为其他模型表明，价值的“对立面”实际上是一种恶习。