This preregistered study examined whether child temperament and executive functions moderated the longitudinal association between early life stress (ELS) and behavior problems. In a Dutch population-based cohort (n = 2803), parents reported on multiple stressors (age 0–6 years), child temperament (age 5), and executive functions (age 4), and teachers rated child internalizing and externalizing problems (age 7). Results showed that greater ELS was related to higher levels of internalizing and externalizing problems, with betas reflecting small effects. Lower surgency buffered the positive association of ELS with externalizing problems, while better shifting capacities weakened the positive association between ELS and internalizing problems. Other child characteristics did not act as moderators. Findings underscore the importance of examining multiple protective factors simultaneously.

中文翻译：

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儿童早期生活压力和行为问题：调查儿童气质和执行功能对复原力的贡献

这项预先注册的研究检查了儿童气质和执行功能是否调节了早期生活压力 (ELS) 和行为问题之间的纵向关联。在荷兰基于人口的队列（n = 2803），父母报告了多种压力源（0-6 岁）、儿童气质（5 岁）和执行功能（4 岁），教师对儿童内化和外化问题进行了评分（7 岁）。结果表明，更大的 ELS 与更高水平的内化和外化问题相关，β 反映的影响较小。较低的波动缓冲了 ELS 与外化问题的正相关，而更好的转移能力削弱了 ELS 与内化问题之间的正相关。其他儿童特征没有起到调节作用。研究结果强调了同时检查多种保护因素的重要性。