Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.5% and show potential for low-cost photovoltaic applications. One key of pushing PSCs into industrialization is enlarging their areas. However, the PCE of larger-area PSCs is dramatically limited by the undesired increase in series resistance (R_S), which leads to obvious loss of fill factor (FF). Herein, R_S in fully printable mesoscopic PSCs is modulated with a carbon electrode by optimizing the device geometry, preparing busbars to collect currents from electrodes and improving the conductivity of the back electrode. A rectangular device shape and tin busbars on conductive substrate effectively reduce the R_S. Meanwhile, an additional hot-pressed highly conductive low-temperature carbon layer on the back carbon electrode also reduces the R_S. An enhanced PCE of 13.99% for 1 cm² PSCs by R_S modulation is obtained, whereas the control device exhibits a PCE of 7.74%. The PCE increase is due to the improvement of FF from 0.372 to 0.638 with reduced R_S from 27.13 to 9.66 Ω cm².

中文翻译：

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大面积完全可印刷介观钙钛矿太阳能电池的串联电阻调制

钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 已实现 25.5% 的认证功率转换效率 (PCE)，并显示出低成本光伏应用的潜力。推动PSC产业化的关键之一是扩大其领域。_{然而，较大面积的 PSC 的PCE 受到串联电阻 (RS} )的不希望增加的显着限制，这会导致填充因子 (FF) 的明显损失。在此，完全可印刷的介观 PSC 中的R _S通过优化器件几何形状、制备汇流条以从电极收集电流并提高背电极的电导率，用碳电极调制。矩形器件形状和导电基板上的锡母线有效降低R _S. 同时，在背面碳电极上额外的热压高导电低温碳层也降低了R _S。通过R _{S调制获得了 1 cm} ² PSC的 13.99% 的增强 PCE ，而控制装置的 PCE 为 7.74%。PCE 增加是由于 FF 从 0.372 提高到 0.638，RS 从 27.13 降低到_9.66 Ω cm ²。