In Lao PDR (People’s Democratic Republic), rice is one of the major staple crops planted in more than 80% of the cultivated areas. We attempted to evaluate the adaptation preference of the farmers in Laos through a climate change adaptation survey approach. The eight adaptations including irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer application rates, transplanting date shifting were first assessed by the CERES‑Rice model for the two rice cultivars (TDK8 and TDK11). These adaptations with the projected rice yields were used to design the climate change adaptation survey to investigate farmers’ preference. One hundred smallholder farmers in Dongbung, Napork, Nakhaow, Hardvieng, and Parlai in Vientiane province, Laos were interviewed. For the rice yield projection, the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were collected from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment‑South Asia. The simulation results showed that the two adaptations (irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application rates) were beneficial to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on rice yields under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. On the other hand, the effects of the shifting transplanting dates were inconsistent, revealing that the transplanting date shifting may not be a sufficient adaption for this region to cope with climate change. The results from a climate change adaptation survey to investigate rice farmers’ preference in Vientiane Capital showed that the farmers preferred installing an irrigation system and applying the doubling nitrogen fertilizer application rate (120 kg‑N ha^‑1). However, many farmers replied that they are still indifferent to the adverse impacts of climate change on rice yields that can be reduced by implementing adaptation technologies, suggesting a further study to raise the farmers’ awareness of climate change. It is concluded that this study can be useful to enhance food security of Lao PDR by providing efficacious agricultural managements which reflect farmers’ preference.

中文翻译：

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老挝低地雨育水稻生产小农偏爱气候变化适应

在老挝人民民主共和国（人民民主共和国），水稻是 80% 以上耕地种植的主要作物之一。我们试图通过气候变化适应调查方法来评估老挝农民的适应偏好。CERES-Rice 模型首先评估了两种水稻品种（TDK8 和 TDK11）的八种适应性，包括灌溉、氮肥施用量、移栽日期转移。这些对预计水稻产量的适应被用来设计气候变化适应调查，以调查农民的偏好。老挝万象省 Dongbung、Napork、Nakhaow、Hardvieng 和 Parlai 的 100 名小农接受了采访。对于水稻产量预测，代表性浓度路径 (RCP) 4.5 和 RCP 8。5 个来自协调区域气候降尺度实验——南亚。模拟结果表明，在RCP 4.5和8.5情景下，两种适应（灌溉和氮肥施用量）有利于减少气候变化对水稻产量的负面影响。另一方面，移栽日期的影响不一致，表明移栽日期可能不足以适应该地区应对气候变化。一项调查万象首都稻农偏好的气候变化适应调查结果表明，农民更喜欢安装灌溉系统并施用双倍氮肥施用量（120 kg-N ha 模拟结果表明，在RCP 4.5和8.5情景下，两种适应（灌溉和氮肥施用量）有利于减少气候变化对水稻产量的负面影响。另一方面，移栽日期的影响不一致，表明移栽日期可能不足以适应该地区应对气候变化。一项调查万象首都稻农偏好的气候变化适应调查结果表明，农民更喜欢安装灌溉系统并施用双倍氮肥施用量（120 kg-N ha 模拟结果表明，在RCP 4.5和8.5情景下，两种适应（灌溉和氮肥施用量）有利于减少气候变化对水稻产量的负面影响。另一方面，移栽日期的影响不一致，表明移栽日期可能不足以适应该地区应对气候变化。一项调查万象首都稻农偏好的气候变化适应调查结果表明，农民更喜欢安装灌溉系统并施用双倍氮肥施用量（120 kg-N ha^－1）。然而，许多农民回答说，他们仍然对气候变化对水稻产量的不利影响漠不关心，而这些影响可以通过实施适应技术来减少，建议进一步研究以提高农民对气候变化的认识。结论是，通过提供反映农民偏好的有效农业管理，这项研究有助于提高老挝人民民主共和国的粮食安全。