River buffalo is an agriculturally important species with many traits, such as disease tolerance, which promote its use worldwide. Highly contiguous genome assemblies of the river buffalo, goat, pig, human and two cattle subspecies were aligned to study gene gains and losses and signs of positive selection. The gene families that have changed significantly in river buffalo since divergence from cattle play important roles in protein degradation, the olfactory receptor system, detoxification and the immune system. We used the branch site model in PAML to analyse single-copy orthologs to identify positively selected genes that may be involved in skin differentiation, mammary development and bone formation in the river buffalo branch. The high contiguity of the genomes enabled evaluation of differences among species in the major histocompatibility complex. We identified a Babesia-like L1 LINE insertion in the DRB1-like gene in the river buffalo and discuss the implication of this finding.

河水牛是一种重要的农业物种，具有许多特性，例如抗病性，这促进了它在世界范围内的使用。将河水牛、山羊、猪、人类和两个牛亚种的高度连续基因组组装在一起，以研究基因的得失和正选择的迹象。自与牛分化以来，水牛体内发生显着变化的基因家族在蛋白质降解、嗅觉受体系统、解毒和免疫系统中发挥着重要作用。我们使用 PAML 中的分支位点模型来分析单拷贝直系同源物，以识别可能参与河水牛分支中皮肤分化、乳腺发育和骨形成的阳性选择基因。基因组的高度连续性能够评估主要组织相容性复合体中物种之间的差异。我们在水牛中的DRB1 样基因，并讨论了这一发现的含义。