Plant growth is related to the amount of nutrients that it can acquire and it can be limited by poor root development and nutrient uptake, and low efficiency of nutrient use. Nutrients are not distributed evenly throughout the soil around roots, causing plants to put in action the functioning of the various local and systemic signaling pathways to coordinate adaptative responses to the most diverse types of stresses, among them nutritional limitation. A coordinated array of long-distance signaling mechanisms integrates the communication between shoots and roots, which provide photoassimilates and nutrients, respectively. The use of techniques to study signaling among the most diverse plant species has gained prominence. The main techniques for studying nutrient signaling between shoots and roots are split-root, grafting and girdling. The split-root system is characterized by separating a single root system in two independent compartments, with a common shoot. Split-root has been used for analyzing transcriptional, biochemical, and physiological changes in roots in response to nutritional challenges. Grafting has stood out as an important method concerning signaling mechanisms studies. It still follows the basic principle of cutting and fitting two parts (scion = bud and rootstock = root) from different plants, which merge, grow and develop as a single plant. Most recent studies have been in detecting long-distance signals, their transport, and the factors involved in signaling mechanisms, with particular attention to the role of phytohormones, RNAs, peptides, and proteins. Girdling is an important technique widely used in fruit trees. It consists of the removal of a strip of bark from branches or trunk, affecting different stages of reproductive growth, including flowering and fruiting, development, ripening, and nutritional quality of fruits. The increase in the amount of carbohydrates above the cut induces the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, favoring the respiratory potential of the stem and branches, as well as the leaf mass per area. The techniques reviewed here allow the monitoring and study of long-distance signaling and relate it to plant development through simple, efficient, and reproducible approaches. They permit researchers to make inferences about the existence, direction, and intensity of the cross-talk between long-distance signaling and nutrients, suggesting that mobile signals and their interactions with individual nutrients exist.

植物生长与其可以获得的养分数量有关，并且可能受到根系发育和养分吸收不良以及养分利用效率低下的限制。营养物质在根部周围的土壤中分布不均匀，导致植物发挥各种局部和系统信号通路的功能，以协调对最多样化压力类型的适应性反应，其中包括营养限制。一系列协调的长距离信号机制整合了芽和根之间的通讯，分别提供光同化物和养分。使用技术来研究最多样化的植物物种之间的信号传导已获得突出地位。研究芽和根之间营养信号的主要技术是分根、嫁接和环剥。分根系统的特点是将单个根系统分成两个独立的隔室，并带有一个共同的枝条。Split-root 已被用于分析根的转录、生化和生理变化，以应对营养挑战。嫁接已成为信号机制研究的重要方法。它仍然遵循将不同植物的两个部分（接穗=芽和砧木=根）切割和拟合的基本原则，它们融合、生长和发育为一株植物。最近的大多数研究都在检测长距离信号、它们的运输以及信号机制中涉及的因素，特别关注植物激素、RNA、肽和蛋白质的作用。环剥是果树广泛使用的一项重要技术。它包括从树枝或树干上去除一条树皮，影响生殖生长的不同阶段，包括开花和结果、发育、成熟和果实的营养品质。切割以上碳水化合物量的增加诱导了参与碳水化合物代谢的基因的表达，有利于茎和枝的呼吸潜力，以及单位面积的叶质量。这里审查的技术允许监测和研究长距离信号，并通过简单、有效和可重复的方法将其与植物发育联系起来。它们允许研究人员推断长距离信号和营养物质之间的串扰的存在、方向和强度，