Owing to the limitations of the present efforts on drug discovery against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the lack of the understanding of the biological regulation mechanisms underlying COVID-19, alternative or novel therapeutic targets for COVID-19 treatment are still urgently required. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunity dysfunction are the two main courses driving the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Both the virus and host factors are potential targets for antiviral therapy. Hence, in this study, the current therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 have been classified into “target virus” and “target host” categories. Repurposing drugs, emerging approaches, and promising potential targets are the implementations of the above two strategies. First, a comprehensive review of the highly acclaimed old drugs was performed according to evidence-based medicine to provide recommendations for clinicians. Additionally, their unavailability in the fight against COVID-19 was analyzed. Next, a profound analysis of the emerging approaches was conducted, particularly all licensed vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) enrolled in clinical trials against primary SARS-CoV-2 and mutant strains. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the present licensed vaccines were compared from different perspectives. Finally, the most promising potential targets were reviewed, and the update of the progress of treatments has been summarized based on these reviews.

由于目前针对严重急性呼吸系统综合症冠状病毒 2 (SARS-CoV-2) 的药物发现工作的局限性以及对 COVID-19 潜在的生物学调控机制缺乏了解，因此 COVID-19 的替代或新型治疗靶点仍然迫切需要治疗。SARS-CoV-2 感染和免疫功能障碍是推动 COVID-19 发病的两个主要过程。病毒和宿主因素都是抗病毒治疗的潜在目标。因此，在本研究中，目前 COVID-19 的治疗策略被分为“目标病毒”和“目标宿主”两类。重新利用药物、新兴方法和有前景的潜在目标是上述两种策略的实施。第一的，依据循证医学，对备受好评的老药进行全面审查，为临床医生提供建议。此外，还分析了它们在对抗 COVID-19 中的不可用情况。接下来，对新兴方法进行了深入分析，特别是所有注册疫苗和单克隆抗体 (mAb) 都参加了针对原发性 SARS-CoV-2 和突变株的临床试验。此外，还从不同的角度比较了现有许可疫苗的优缺点。最后，回顾了最有希望的潜在靶点，并在这些回顾的基础上总结了治疗进展的更新。对新兴方法进行了深入分析，特别是所有注册疫苗和单克隆抗体 (mAb)，这些疫苗和单克隆抗体 (mAb) 都参加了针对原发性 SARS-CoV-2 和突变株的临床试验。此外，还从不同角度比较了现有许可疫苗的优缺点。最后，回顾了最有希望的潜在靶点，并在这些回顾的基础上总结了治疗进展的更新。对新兴方法进行了深入分析，特别是所有注册疫苗和单克隆抗体 (mAb)，这些疫苗和单克隆抗体 (mAb) 都参加了针对原发性 SARS-CoV-2 和突变株的临床试验。此外，还从不同的角度比较了现有许可疫苗的优缺点。最后，回顾了最有希望的潜在靶点，并在这些回顾的基础上总结了治疗进展的更新。