As a response to the increased pressure of global climate change on most ecosystems, national and international agreements aim at creating forests that are productive, resilient to climate change, and that store carbon to mitigate global warming. However, these aims are being challenged by increased tree mortality rates and decreased tree growth rates in response to increased incidence of extreme drought events. These phenomena make us aware of a lack of crucial insights into the effects of forest management on the growth and survival of trees, and on carbon storage in both trees and forest soils under increased incidence of drought. Here we compile current knowledge on how forest management and drought impact on tree growth and survival, and above- and belowground carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Based on this, we propose that climate-smart forestry may benefit from controlling stand density at intermediate levels (>60%, e.g.~80%) by applying low levels of tree harvest intensity on a regular base. Furthermore, we propose that the actual optimal density will depend on the tree species, site conditions and management history. As a next step, studies are needed that take an above- and belowground approach and combine forest experiments with mechanistic models on water, carbon and nutrient flows in trees and soils within forests in order to transform current results, which focus on either soil or trees and are often highly-context dependent, to a more generic forest framework. Such a generic framework would be needed to enhance understanding across forest ecosystems on how forest management may promote forest resilience, productivity and carbon storage with increasing drought.

作为对全球气候变化对大多数生态系统日益增加的压力的回应，国家和国际协议旨在创造生产力、适应气候变化并储存碳以缓解全球变暖的森林。然而，由于极端干旱事件发生率增加，树木死亡率增加和树木生长速度下降，这些目标正面临挑战。这些现象使我们意识到，在干旱发生率增加的情况下，森林管理对树木生长和存活的影响以及对树木和森林土壤中碳储存的影响缺乏重要的见解。在这里，我们汇编了有关森林管理和干旱如何影响树木生长和生存以及森林生态系统中地上和地下碳储存的最新知识。基于此，我们建议气候智能型林业可以通过在常规基础上应用低水平的树木采伐强度将林分密度控制在中等水平（>60%，例如~80%）中受益。此外，我们建议实际最佳密度将取决于树种、立地条件和管理历史。下一步，需要采取地上和地下方法进行研究，并将森林实验与森林中树木和土壤中的水、碳和养分流动的机械模型相结合，以转变当前的结果，这些结果侧重于土壤或树木并且通常高度依赖于更通用的森林框架。需要这样一个通用框架来加强整个森林生态系统对森林管理如何促进森林复原力的理解，