Gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) is of increasing concern in industrial flue gases because of its difficult disposal. Currently, catalysis conversion and adsorption to oxidized species (Hg²⁺) and particle-bonded states (Hg^p) are two common Hg⁰ disposal methods. While no clear boundary exists between these methods, the selection of technologies for practical applications highly depends on the gas temperature, mercury concentration, and gas components over a solid material. This review aims to describe some principles for solid material selection, discusses the heterogeneous reaction mechanisms for gaseous Hg⁰ conversion, classifies the various types of catalysts and sorbents, and summarizes their potential applications. Gaseous Hg⁰ undergoes interface physical adsorption, catalytic oxidation, and chemical adsorption processes. Overcoming the surface bonding energies can convert the Hg⁰ to Hg²⁺ via the catalytic process. Meanwhile, strong bonding energies can ensure chemical adsorption, resulting in mercury surface solidification. On this basis, the catalysts and sorbents materials, the reaction mechanism, and different types of solid materials were evaluated. We clearly discussed the reaction mechanism over different type of functional materials for Hg⁰ removal, to provide recommendations for studies to address concerns regarding laboratory-scale to full-scale applications. Moreover, some key parameters and a basic understanding of the practical applications were proposed.

中文翻译：

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从工业烟气中去除元素汞的多相反应机理和功能材料

气态元素汞 (Hg ⁰ ) 由于难以处理而在工业烟道气中受到越来越多的关注。目前，催化转化和吸附到氧化物质 (Hg ²⁺ ) 和粒子键合状态 (Hg ^p ) 是两种常见的 Hg ⁰处理方法。虽然这些方法之间没有明确的界限，但实际应用的技术选择在很大程度上取决于气体温度、汞浓度和固体材料上的气体成分。本综述旨在描述固体材料选择的一些原则，讨论气态 Hg ⁰的非均相反应机制转化率，对各种类型的催化剂和吸附剂进行分类，并总结了它们的潜在应用。气态Hg ⁰经历界面物理吸附、催化氧化和化学吸附过程。克服表面键能可以通过催化过程将 Hg ⁰转化为 Hg ²⁺。同时，强大的结合能可以确保化学吸附，导致汞表面固化。在此基础上，对催化剂和吸附剂材料、反应机理和不同类型的固体材料进行了评价。我们清楚地讨论了不同类型功能材料对 Hg ⁰的反应机理移除，为研究提供建议，以解决有关实验室规模到全面应用的问题。此外，还提出了一些关键参数和对实际应用的基本了解。