This paper reviews the main techniques of optical spectroscopy used for the characterization of sol-gel materials in different forms, including a brief description of instrumentation, followed by a series of selected examples from the literature that illustrate the main methodologies and results which can be obtained and including the main advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches adopted. The review includes separate sections on UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, M-line spectroscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.

中文翻译：

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用于表征溶胶-凝胶材料的光谱方法

本文回顾了用于表征不同形式溶胶-凝胶材料的主要光谱技术，包括对仪器的简要描述，然后是一系列从文献中选择的例子，说明了主要的方法和可以获得的结果。并包括所采用的不同方法的主要优点和缺点。该评论包括关于紫外/可见光/近红外光谱、光谱椭偏仪、M 线光谱、红外和拉曼光谱以及光致发光光谱的单独部分。