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Introduction: promoting restraint in war
International Interactions ( IF 1.226 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-26 , DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2021.1931864
Brian McQuinn 1 , Fiona Terry 2 , Oliver Kaplan 3 , Francisco Gutiérrez-Sanin 4
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT

Over the last decade, changes in the nature of conflict have generated profound operational challenges for international humanitarian organizations. The number of non-international armed conflicts doubled between 2001 and 2016, rising from fewer than 30 to more than 70. The number of armed groups fighting in them has also multiplied: more armed groups emerged in the last decade than in the previous century. Humanitarian organizations struggle to assist victims of these armed conflicts and to persuade fighters to act with restraint toward those individuals who are not, or no longer, taking part in hostilities. New research was required to identify sources of influence on battlefield restraint to inform operational activities. We present a theoretical framework that identifies the sources of norms of restraint in state and non-state armed groups. We argue that humanitarian organizations ought to broaden their notions of the processes that influence the socialization and uptake of norms of restraint and mobilize new societal actors to the cause of limiting violence. In our framing of the empirical articles in the collection, we argue that the structure of armed organizations and their embeddedness in local communities heavily influence how group norms and internal rules are formed and reinforced. While hierarchical militaries can largely be influenced by top-down discipline, restraint among more decentralized armed groups is strongly influenced by societal actors external to the group.



中文翻译:

导言:促进战争克制

摘要

在过去十年中,冲突性质的变化给国际人道主义组织带来了深刻的业务挑战。2001 年至 2016 年间,非国际性武装冲突的数量翻了一番,从不到 30 个增加到 70 多个。在其中作战的武装团体数量也成倍增加:过去十年出现的武装团体比上个世纪还多。人道主义组织努力帮助这些武装冲突的受害者,并说服战斗人员对那些没有或不再参加敌对行动的人采取克制的行动。需要进行新的研究来确定对战场约束的影响来源,以便为作战活动提供信息。我们提出了一个理论框架,该框架确定了国家和非国家武装团体中克制规范的来源。我们认为,人道组织应该拓宽他们对影响社会化和采用克制规范的过程的概念,并动员新的社会行动者参与限制暴力的事业。在我们对集合中的实证文章的框架中,我们认为,武装组织的结构及其在当地社区的根深蒂固,在很大程度上影响了群体规范和内部规则的形成和强化方式。虽然等级制军队在很大程度上会受到自上而下的纪律的影响,但更分散的武装团体之间的克制受到团体外部社会行为者的强烈影响。

更新日期:2021-09-30
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