Introduction. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) is used in brain-computer interfaces (BCI) to detect the user’s motor intention (MI) and convert it into a command for an actuator to provide sensory feedback or mobility, for example by means of functional electrical stimulation (FES). Recent studies have proposed to evoke the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) using FES, in order to evoke synergistic movements of the lower limb and to facilitate the gait rehabilitation of stroke patients. The use of NWR to provide sensorimotor feedback in ERD-based BCI is novel; thererfore, the conditioning effect that nociceptive stimuli might have on MI is still unknown. Objetive. To assess the ERD produced during the MI after FES-evoked NWR, in order to evaluate if nociceptive stimuli condition subsequent ERDs. Methods. Data from 528 electroencephalography trials of 8 healthy volunteers were recorded and analyzed. Volunteers used an ERD-based BCI, which provided two types of feedback: intrisic by the FES-evoked NWR and extrinsic by virtual reality. The electromyogram of the tibialis anterior muscle was also recorded. The main outcome variables were the normalized root mean square of the evoked electromyogram (RMS _norm ), the average electroencephalogram amplitude at the ERD frequency during MI () and the percentage decrease of relative to rest () at the first MI subsequent to the activation of the BCI. Results. No evidence of changes of the RMS _norm on both the (p=0.663) and the (p=0.252) of the subsequent MI was detected. A main effect of the type of feedback was found in the subsequent (p<0.001), with intrinsic feedback resulting in a larger Conclusions. No evidence of ERD conditioning was observed using BCI feedback based on FES-evoked NWR . Significance. FES-evoked NWR could constitute a potential feedback modality in an ERD-based BCI to facilitate motor recovery of stroke people.

介绍。事件相关去同步化 (ERD) 用于脑机接口 (BCI) 以检测用户的运动意图 (MI) 并将其转换为执行器的命令以提供感觉反馈或移动性，例如通过功能性电刺激(FES)。最近的研究提出使用 FES 唤起伤害性戒断反射 (NWR)，以唤起下肢的协同运动并促进中风患者的步态康复。在基于 ERD 的 BCI 中使用 NWR 提供感觉运动反馈是新颖的；因此，伤害性刺激可能对 MI 产生的调节作用仍然未知。客观的。评估 FES 诱发 NWR 后 MI 期间产生的 ERD，以评估伤害性刺激是否会影响随后的 ERD。方法。记录并分析了来自 8 名健康志愿者的 528 项脑电图试验的数据。志愿者使用了基于 ERD 的 BCI，它提供了两种类型的反馈：由 FES 诱发的 NWR 提供的内部反馈和由虚拟现实提供的外部反馈。还记录了胫骨前肌的肌电图。主要结果变量是诱发肌电图的归一化均方根（RMS范 _数）、MI 期间 ERD 频率处的平均脑电图振幅（脑机接口。 结果。没有检测到随后 MI的(p=0.663) 和(p=0.252) 均方根范 _数发生变化的证据。随后发现了反馈类型的主要影响（p<0.001），内在反馈导致更大的结论。使用基于 FES 诱发的 NWR 的 BCI 反馈没有观察到 ERD 调节的证据。意义。FES 诱发的 NWR 可以在基于 ERD 的 BCI 中构成潜在的反馈模式，以促进中风患者的运动恢复。