BACKGROUND Stanniocalcin-1 (STC-1) is a widely expressed glycoprotein hormone involved in a diverse spectrum of physiological and pathophysiological processes including angiogenesis, mineral homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation and apoptosis. Over the last 20 years, numerous studies have reported STC-1 expression within female reproductive tissues including the uterus, ovaries and placenta and implicated STC-1 in processes such as ovarian follicular development, blastocyst implantation, vascular remodelling in early pregnancy and placental development. Notably, dysregulation of STC-1 within reproductive tissues has been linked to the onset of severe reproductive disorders including endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, poor trophoblast invasion and placental perfusion in early pregnancy. Furthermore, significant changes in tissue expression and in maternal systemic concentration take place throughout pregnancy and further substantiate the vital role of this protein in reproductive health and disease. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing literature, to summarise the expression profile and roles of STC-1 within the female reproductive system and its associated pathologies. We highlight the gaps in the current knowledge and suggest potential avenues for future research. SEARCH METHODS Relevant studies were identified through searching the PubMed database using the following search terms: ‘stanniocalcin-1’, ‘placenta’, ‘ovary’, ‘endometrium’, ‘pregnancy’, ‘reproduction’, ‘early gestation’. Only English language papers published between 1995 and 2020 were included. OUTCOMES This review provides compelling evidence of the vital function that STC-1 plays within the female reproductive system. The literature presented summarise the wide expression profile of STC-1 within female reproductive organs, as well as highlighting the putative roles of STC-1 in various functions in the reproductive system. Moreover, the observed link between altered STC-1 expression and the onset of various reproductive pathologies is presented, including those in pregnancy whose aetiology occurs in the first trimester. This summary emphasises the requirement for further studies on the mechanisms underlying the regulation of STC-1 expression and function. WIDER IMPLICATIONS STC-1 is a pleiotropic hormone involved in the regulation of a number of important biological functions needed to maintain female reproductive health. There is also growing evidence that dysregulation of STC-1 is implicated in common reproductive and obstetric disorders. Greater understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of STC-1 within the field may therefore identify possible targets for therapeutic intervention and/or diagnosis.

中文翻译：

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女性生殖系统和妊娠中的斯钙素-1

背景技术斯钙素-1(STC-1)是一种广泛表达的糖蛋白激素，参与多种生理和病理生理过程，包括血管生成、矿物质稳态、细胞增殖、炎症和细胞凋亡。在过去的 20 年中，大量研究报告了 STC-1 在女性生殖组织（包括子宫、卵巢和胎盘）中的表达，并表明 STC-1 在卵巢卵泡发育、囊胚植入、妊娠早期血管重塑和胎盘发育等过程中的表达。值得注意的是，生殖组织内 STC-1 的失调与严重生殖疾病的发生有关，包括子宫内膜异位症、多囊卵巢综合征、滋养细胞侵袭不良和妊娠早期胎盘灌注。此外，整个妊娠期间组织表达和母体全身浓度发生显着变化，进一步证实了这种蛋白质在生殖健康和疾病中的重要作用。目的和理由 我们的目的是对现有文献进行全面概述，总结 STC-1 在女性生殖系统及其相关病理中的表达谱和作用。我们强调了当前知识的差距，并为未来的研究提出了潜在的途径。搜索方法 通过使用以下搜索词搜索 PubMed 数据库确定相关研究：“stanniocalcin-1”、“胎盘”、“卵巢”、“子宫内膜”、“妊娠”、“生殖”、“早孕”。仅包括 1995 年至 2020 年间发表的英语论文。结果 本综述为 STC-1 在女性生殖系统中发挥的重要功能提供了令人信服的证据。所发表的文献总结了 STC-1 在女性生殖器官中的广泛表达谱，并强调了 STC-1 在生殖系统各种功能中的假定作用。此外，还展示了观察到的 STC-1 表达改变与各种生殖疾病发作之间的联系，包括那些病因发生在妊娠早期的妊娠期疾病。本总结强调需要进一步研究 STC-1 表达和功能调控的机制。更广泛的意义 STC-1 是一种多效性激素，参与调节维持女性生殖健康所需的许多重要生物学功能。还有越来越多的证据表明，STC-1 的失调与常见的生殖和产科疾病有关。因此，对该领域内 STC-1 的生理学和生物化学的更深入了解可以确定治疗干预和/或诊断的可能靶点。