Electrospinning is a versatile and flexible technique for the preparation of ultrafine fibers. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of electrospinning, as a complex technique, its evolution toward the high-throughput techniques, including the basic principles, parameters influencing the fibers production process, methods applied to solve the alignment difficulties, commonly used polymers and solvents, and the applications of the electrospun materials. We begin with an insight into the history of electrospinning, followed by its theoretical background and typical apparatus. Then, its renaissance over the past two decades as a powerful technology for the production of nanofibers suitable for industrial scale is presented. Afterward, we briefly discuss the applications of electrospun fibers, including use in different fields of industry, energy harvesting/conversion/storage, photonic and electronic devices, as well as biomedical applications. In the end, we also offer perspectives on the challenges and new directions for developments in electrospinning.

静电纺丝是一种用于制备超细纤维的通用且灵活的技术。本研究旨在全面概述静电纺丝作为一项复杂的技术，其向高通量技术的演变，包括基本原理、影响纤维生产过程的参数、解决排列困难的方法、常用的聚合物和溶剂和电纺材料的应用。我们首先深入了解静电纺丝的历史，然后是其理论背景和典型设备。然后，介绍了它在过去 20 年中作为一种适用于工业规模生产纳米纤维的强大技术的复兴。随后，我们简要讨论了电纺纤维的应用，包括在不同工业领域的使用、能量收集/转换/存储、光子和电子设备以及生物医学应用。最后，我们还提供了有关静电纺丝发展的挑战和新方向的观点。