Two principal strands of scholarship analyse the material roots of European Union (EU) discontent. Some focus on the effects of regional decline, while others examine the role of individual socioeconomic factors. This paper brings these two perspectives together. We argue that EU discontent is a multifaceted phenomenon structured by the spatially-rooted interplay between individual and regional material conditions and subjective perceptions. We apply PLS-SEM to Eurobarometer public opinion data (2018–2019) and find that the geographical location and the socioeconomic position shape EU discontent directly. However, material factors’ relevance for EU discontent is the greatest in structuring individual future expectations. Furthermore, democratic dissatisfaction turns out to be a key factor, pointing to the importance of institutional perceptions in the geography of discontent.

中文翻译：

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失败者和落后者：物质条件和个人观念在欧盟不满情绪形成中的相互作用

两条主要的学术研究分析了欧盟（EU）不满情绪的物质根源。一些关注区域衰退的影响，而另一些则研究个体社会经济因素的作用。本文将这两种观点结合在一起。我们认为，欧盟的不满是一种多方面的现象，由个人和区域物质条件与主观感知之间的空间根源相互作用构成。我们将PLS-SEM应用于欧洲晴雨表民意数据（2018-2019），发现地理位置和社会经济地位直接影响了欧盟的不满情绪。然而，在构建个人未来预期时，物质因素与欧盟不满的相关性是最大的。此外，民主的不满被证明是一个关键因素，