Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent the majority of the transcriptome and play important roles in regulating neuronal functions. ncRNAs are exceptionally diverse in both structure and function and include enhancer RNAs, long ncRNAs, and microRNAs, all of which demonstrate specific temporal and regional expression in the brain. Here, we review recent studies demonstrating that ncRNAs modulate chromatin structure, act as chaperone molecules, and contribute to synaptic remodeling and behavior. In addition, we discuss ncRNA function within the context of neuropsychiatric diseases, particularly focusing on addiction and schizophrenia, and the recent methodological developments that allow for better understanding of ncRNA function in the brain. Overall, ncRNAs represent an underrecognized molecular contributor to complex neuronal processes underlying neuropsychiatric disorders.

非编码 RNA (ncRNA) 代表转录组的大部分，并在调节神经元功能中发挥重要作用。ncRNA 在结构和功能上都非常多样化，包括增强子 RNA、长 ncRNA 和 microRNA，所有这些都在大脑中表现出特定的时间和区域表达。在这里，我们回顾了最近的研究，证明 ncRNA 调节染色质结构，充当伴侣分子，并有助于突触重塑和行为。此外，我们讨论了神经精神疾病背景下的 ncRNA 功能，特别是成瘾和精神分裂症，以及最近的方法学发展，可以更好地了解大脑中的 ncRNA 功能。总体，