With the rapid progress in railway electrification and energy storage technologies, onboard energy storage devices (OESDs) have been widely utilized in modern railway systems to reduce energy consumption. This article aims to develop the optimal driving strategy of electric trains with three popular types of energy storage devices, namely supercapacitors, flywheels, and Li-ion batteries, as the OESD to minimize the net energy consumption. With the given OESD investment cost, the dynamic power limits of different types of OESDs are fully considered to optimize the dynamic discharge/charge behavior of the OESD in the train operation. The case studies investigate the train operation on fully electrified railways, discontinuously electrified railways, and catenary-free railways, showing that the optimal eco-driving strategy of the train and discharge/charge behavior of the OESD is significantly different for a different type of OESDs. The obtained train speed, OESDs’ state of energy (SOE), power profiles, and energy-saving potential for each type of OESDs under various scenarios are compared comprehensively, and the results also reveal that the flywheel has the best performance for its energy-saving rate ranging from 0.15 %/k $\$ $ to 0.86 %/k $\$ $ , while a Li-ion battery is observed with the weakest performance with the energy-saving rate being only 0.01 %/k $\$ $ –0.26 %/k $\$ $ . The error rate analysis also confirms a satisfactory modeling accuracy of the proposed method.

中文翻译：

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带有车载储能装置的电动列车的自适应生态驾驶策略和可行性分析

随着铁路电气化和储能技术的快速进步，车载储能装置（OESDs）已被广泛应用于现代铁路系统以降低能源消耗。本文旨在开发具有三种流行类型的储能设备（即超级电容器、飞轮和锂离子电池）作为 OESD 的电动火车的最佳驱动策略，以最大限度地减少净能耗。在给定 OESD 投资成本的情况下，充分考虑不同类型 OESD 的动态功率限制，以优化 OESD 在列车运行中的动态放电/充电行为。案例研究调查了全电气化铁路、间断电气化铁路和无接触线铁路的列车运行情况，表明列车的最佳生态驾驶策略和 OESD 的放电/充电行为对于不同类型的 OESD 有显着差异。综合比较了各种场景下每种OESDs的列车速度、OESDs的能量状态（SOE）、功率分布和节能潜力，结果还表明飞轮具有最佳的能量性能-节约率 0.15 %/k $\$ $ 到 0.86%/k $\$ $ , 而锂离子电池的性能最弱，节能率仅为 0.01 %/k $\$ $ –0.26%/k $\$ $ . 错误率分析也证实了所提出方法的令人满意的建模精度。