As a significant component of ocean exploration, underwater localization has attracted extensive attention in both military and civil fields. Due to its low cost and convenience, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is favored by related fields. As an important part of the Internet of Things (IoT), it can strengthen the trinity of land, sea, and air. The location of the underwater sensor node is the foundation of the UWSN application and is one of the research hotspots today. Many relevant research scholars have optimized the localization algorithm or introduced new methods to better locate the target nodes, thus promoting the development of related fields. In this article, the challenges of underwater acoustic communication and underwater positioning, the comparison between UWSNs and terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the network structure, routing technology, and localization evaluation criteria are all introduced in detail. Moreover, we survey many cutting-edge underwater localization algorithms based on a new taxonomy (i.e., distance measurement, network scale, and anchor utilization). Moreover, these localization algorithms are compared and analyzed from various aspects. Meanwhile, localization discussion and research prospects are illustrated in this article.

中文翻译：

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水下传感器网络定位算法：综述

作为海洋探索的重要组成部分，水下定位在军事和民用领域受到广泛关注。水下无线传感器网络（UWSNs）因其低成本和便利性而受到相关领域的青睐。作为物联网（IoT）的重要组成部分，可以强化陆海空三位一体。水下传感器节点的位置是UWSN应用的基础，是当今的研究热点之一。许多相关研究学者对定位算法进行了优化或引入了新的方法来更好地定位目标节点，从而推动了相关领域的发展。在本文中，水声通信和水下定位的挑战，UWSN 与地面无线传感器网络 (WSN) 的比较，详细介绍了网络结构、路由技术、定位评价标准。此外，我们调查了许多基于新分类法（即距离测量、网络规模和锚点利用）的前沿水下定位算法。此外，还从各个方面对这些定位算法进行了比较和分析。同时，本文阐述了本地化讨论和研究前景。