Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are progressive and ultimately fatal. NDD onset is influenced by several factors including heredity and environmental cues. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of noncoding RNA molecules with: (i) lengths greater than 200 nucleotides, (ii) diverse biological functions, and (iii) highly conserved structures. They directly interact with molecules such as proteins and microRNAs and subsequently regulate the expression of their targets at the genetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional levels. Emerging studies indicate the important roles of lncRNAs in the progression of neurological diseases including NDDs. Additionally, improvements in detection technologies have enabled quantitative lncRNA detection and application to circulating fluids in clinical settings. Here, we review current research on lncRNAs in animal models and patients with NDDs. We also discuss the potential applicability of circulating lncRNAs as biomarkers in NDD diagnostics and prognostics. In the future, a better understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in NDDs will be essential to exploit these new therapeutic targets and improve noninvasive diagnostic methods for diseases.

中文翻译：

---

神经退行性疾病中的长链非编码 RNA：发病机制和作为临床生物标志物的潜在意义。

神经退行性疾病 (NDD)，包括阿尔茨海默病 (AD)、帕金森病 (PD)、亨廷顿病 (HD) 和肌萎缩侧索硬化 (ALS)，是渐进性的，最终会致命。NDD 发病受多种因素的影响，包括遗传和环境线索。长链非编码 RNA (lncRNA) 是一类非编码 RNA 分子，具有：(i) 长度大于 200 个核苷酸，(ii) 多种生物学功能，以及 (iii) 高度保守的结构。它们直接与蛋白质和 microRNA 等分子相互作用，随后在遗传、转录和转录后水平上调节其靶标的表达。新兴研究表明 lncRNA 在包括 NDD 在内的神经系统疾病进展中的重要作用。此外，检测技术的改进使定量 lncRNA 检测和应用于临床环境中的循环液成为可能。在这里，我们回顾了当前在动物模型和 NDD 患者中 lncRNA 的研究。我们还讨论了循环 lncRNA 作为 NDD 诊断和预后生物标志物的潜在适用性。未来，更好地了解 lncRNA 在 NDD 中的作用对于开发这些新的治疗靶点和改进疾病的无创诊断方法至关重要。