Objective: To determine the effects of graphene oxide (GO) deposition (on a zirconia surface) on bacterial adhesion and osteoblast activation.
Methods: An atmospheric pressure plasma generator (PGS-300) was used to coat Ar/CH₄ mixed gas onto zirconia specimens (15-mm diameter × 2.5-mm thick disks) at a rate of 10 L/min and 240 V. Zirconia specimens were divided into two groups: uncoated (control; Zr) group and GO-coated (Zr-GO) group. Surface characteristics and element structures of each specimen were evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle. Additionally, crystal violet staining was performed to assess the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. WST-8 and ALP (Alkaline phosphatase) assays were conducted to evaluate MC3T3-E1 osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Statistical analysis was calculated by the Mann–Whitney U-test.
Results: FE–SEM and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated effective GO deposition on the zirconia surface in Zr-GO. The attachment and biofilm formation of S. mutans was significantly reduced in Zr-GO compared with that of Zr (P < 0.05). While no significant differences in cell attachment of MC3T3-1 were observed, both proliferation and differentiation were increased in Zr-GO as compared with that of Zr (P < 0.05).
Significance: GO-coated zirconia inhibited the attachment of S. mutans and stimulated proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Therefore, GO-coated zirconia can prevent peri-implantitis by inhibiting bacterial adhesion. Moreover, its osteogenic ability can increase bone adhesion and success rate of implants.

Keywords: graphene oxide, GO, zirconia implant, biofilm formation, osteoblast, non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma


中文翻译：

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直接沉积在牙种植体上的氧化石墨烯具有抗菌活性和成骨作用

目的：确定氧化石墨烯 (GO) 沉积（在氧化锆表面上）对细菌粘附和成骨细胞活化的影响。
方法：使用大气压等离子体发生器 (PGS-300) 以 10 L/min 和 240 V 的速率将 Ar/CH ₄混合气体涂覆到氧化锆样品（直径 15 mm × 厚 2.5 mm 的圆盘）上。将标本分为两组：未涂层（对照；Zr）组和 GO 涂层（Zr-GO）组。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FE-SEM)、X 射线光电子能谱 (XPS)、拉曼光谱和接触角评估每个试样的表面特性和元素结构。此外，进行结晶紫染色以评估变形链球菌的粘附. 进行 WST-8 和 ALP（碱性磷酸酶）测定以评估 MC3T3-E1 成骨细胞粘附、增殖和分化。通过 Mann-Whitney U检验计算统计分析。
结果： FE-SEM 和拉曼光谱证明了在 Zr-GO 的氧化锆表面上有效的 GO 沉积。与 Zr 相比，Zr-GO 中变形链球菌的附着和生物膜形成显着减少（ P < 0.05）。虽然观察到MC3T3-1的细胞粘附没有显着差异，但与Zr相比，Zr-GO的增殖和分化均增加（P <0.05）。
意义： GO包覆的氧化锆抑制了变形链球菌并刺激成骨细胞的增殖和分化。因此，GO 涂层氧化锆可以通过抑制细菌粘附来预防种植体周围炎。此外，其成骨能力可以增加骨粘附和植入物的成功率。

关键词：氧化石墨烯，GO，氧化锆植入物，生物膜形成，成骨细胞，非热常压等离子体