Biomolecules play critical roles in biological activities and are closely related to various disease conditions. The reliable, selective and sensitive detection of biomolecules holds much promise for specific and rapid biosensing. In recent years, luminescent lanthanide probes have been widely used for monitoring the activity of biomolecules owing to their long luminescence lifetimes and line-like emission which allow time-resolved and ratiometric analyses. In this review article, we concentrate on recent advances in the detection of biomolecule activities based on lanthanide luminescent systems, including upconversion luminescent nanoparticles, lanthanide–metal organic frameworks, and lanthanide organic complexes. We also introduce the latest remarkable accomplishments of lanthanide probes in the design principles and sensing mechanisms, as well as the forthcoming challenges and perspectives for practical achievements.

中文翻译：

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用于生物分子检测的镧系元素上转换和下移发光

生物分子在生物活动中起着至关重要的作用，并且与各种疾病状况密切相关。生物分子的可靠、选择性和灵敏检测为特异性和快速生物传感提供了很大希望。近年来，发光镧系元素探针由于其长的发光寿命和允许时间分辨和比率分析的线状发射而被广泛用于监测生物分子的活性。在这篇综述文章中，我们专注于基于镧系元素发光系统检测生物分子活动的最新进展，包括上转换发光纳米粒子、镧系元素-金属有机框架和镧系元素有机配合物。我们还介绍了镧系元素探针在设计原理和传感机制方面的最新卓越成就，