The three classical core technologies for the preservation of live mammalian biospecimens—slow freezing, vitrification and hypothermic storage—limit the biomedical applications of biospecimens. In this Review, we summarize the principles and procedures of these three technologies, highlight how their limitations are being addressed via the combination of microfabrication and nanofabrication, materials science and thermal-fluid engineering and discuss the remaining challenges.

中文翻译：

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哺乳动物生物样本保存的先进技术

活体哺乳动物生物样本保存的三大经典核心技术——慢速冷冻、玻璃化和低温储存——限制了生物样本的生物医学应用。在这篇综述中，我们总结了这三种技术的原理和程序，重点介绍了如何通过微加工和纳米加工、材料科学和热流体工程的结合来解决它们的局限性，并讨论了剩余的挑战。