Infants fed contaminated breast milk are at an increased risk of exposure to lead. Breast milk to blood (M/B) ratios have not been investigated among women in Palestine. The aim of this study was to assess blood, breast milk, and M/B lead ratios in samples collected from Palestinian breastfeeding women. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics with breast milk lead levels and M/B lead ratios were also investigated. This study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in the period between October 2017 and April 2018. Breastfeeding women visiting maternity care centers in different regions of the West Bank of Palestine were recruited to the study by the nurses in the maternity care centers. Sociodemographic characteristics, venous blood, and breast milk samples were collected from each participant. Lead concentrations were analyzed using a validated inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric method. Mann–Whitney U test, Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and Spearman’s correlations were used to analyze the data. Odds ratios (OR) were computed using a multivariate logistic regression model. Matching blood and milk samples were collected from 80 women. Lead concentrations in 11 (13.8%) of the breast milk samples were above the World Health Organization’s recommended levels. Breast milk lead levels were more likely to be ≥5 μg/L in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 4.96; 95% CI 1.10, 22.38) compared to those who lived in rural areas. Breast milk to blood lead ratios were more likely to be ≥25% in breastfeeding women who lived in urban areas (aOR 7.06; 95% CI 1.68, 29.77), used eye kohl (aOR 14.29; 95% CI 1.32, 155.06), and used hair dye (aOR 5.33; 95% CI 1.58, 18.00) compared to those who lived in rural areas, did not use eye kohl, and did not use hair dye, respectively. Higher M/B lead ratios were predicted by living in urban areas, using eye kohl, and using hair dye. Decision makers in health authorities should address sources of exposure to lead in urban areas. Cosmetics containing lead should be assessed and regulated for lead content.

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巴勒斯坦西岸妇女的母乳与血铅比率：相关因素的横断面研究

喂养受污染母乳的婴儿接触铅的风险增加。尚未在巴勒斯坦妇女中调查母乳与血液 (M/B) 的比率。本研究的目的是评估从巴勒斯坦母乳喂养妇女收集的样本中的血液、母乳和 M/B 铅比率。还调查了社会人口学特征与母乳铅含量和 M/B 铅比率之间的关联。本研究是在 2017 年 10 月至 2018 年 4 月期间以横断面设计进行的。 产科护理中心的护士招募了访问巴勒斯坦西岸不同地区产科护理中心的母乳喂养妇女进行研究。从每位参与者那里收集了社会人口学特征、静脉血和母乳样本。使用经过验证的电感耦合等离子体质谱法分析铅浓度。Mann-Whitney U 检验、Pearson 卡方、Fisher 精确和 Spearman 相关性用于分析数据。优势比 (OR) 使用多元逻辑回归模型计算。从 80 名女性中收集了匹配的血液和牛奶样本。11 个（13.8%）母乳样本中的铅浓度高于世界卫生组织的推荐水平。与居住在农村地区的母乳喂养妇女相比，居住在城市地区的母乳喂养妇女的母乳铅含量更有可能≥5 μg/L (aOR 4.96; 95% CI 1.10, 22.38)。居住在城市地区的母乳喂养妇女的母乳与血铅比率更有可能≥25% (aOR 7.06; 95% CI 1.68, 29.77)，使用过眼药水 (aOR 14.29; 95% CI 1.32, 155.06)，和使用染发剂 (aOR 5.33; 95% CI 1.58, 18.00) 分别与居住在农村地区、未使用眼影和未使用染发剂的人相比。居住在城市地区、使用眼影和使用染发剂可以预测更高的 M/B 铅比。卫生当局的决策者应解决城市地区铅暴露的来源。应评估和监管含铅化妆品的铅含量。