Although the pathophysiology of cognitive decline is multifactorial, and modifiable by lifestyle, the evidence for the role of diet on cognitive function is still accumulating, particularly the potentially preventive role of constituents of plant-based foods. We aimed to determine whether higher habitual intake of dietary flavonoids, key components of plant-based diets, were associated with improved cognition and medial temporal lobe volumes using three complementary approaches (longitudinal, cross-sectional and co-twin analyses). In 1126 female twins (n=224 with a 10-year follow-up of diet and cognition data) aged 18–89 years, habitual intakes of total flavonoids and seven subclasses (flavanones, anthocyanins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, polymeric flavonoids (and proanthocyanidins separately)) were calculated using validated food frequency questionnaires. Cognition was assessed using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery test. Hippocampal volumes were measured in a subset using magnetic resonance imaging (16 monozygotic-twin pairs). Statistical models were adjusted for a range of diet and lifestyle factors. Higher intakes of flavanones (tertile (T)3-T1=0.45, 95%CI 0.13,0.77; p=0.01) and anthocyanins (T3-T1=0.45, 95%CI 0.08,0.81; p=0.02) were associated with improvements in age-related cognition score over 10 years. In cross-sectional analysis higher intake of flavanones (T3-T1= 0.12, 95% CI 0.02, 0.21; p=0.02) and proanthocyanidins (T3-T1= 0.13, 95% CI 0.02, 0.24; p=0.02) were associated with improved paired-associates learning. Higher intake of anthocyanins was significantly associated with improved executive function (T3-T1= −0.52, 95% CI 0.19, 0.84; p=0.001) and with faster simple reaction times (T3-T1= −18.1, 95% CI −35.4, −0.7; p=0.04). In co-twin analysis, those with higher anthocyanin (2.0%, p=0.01) and proanthocyanidin (2.0%, p=0.02) intakes at baseline had the largest left hippocampal volumes after 12 years. Small increases in habitual intake of flavonoid-rich foods (containing anthocyanins, flavanones and proanthocyanidins; equivalent to approximately two servings of oranges and blueberries per day) over long time periods have the potential to attenuate cognitive ageing.

中文翻译：

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增加习惯性类黄酮摄入量可预测双胞胎认知衰老的减弱

尽管认知能力下降的病理生理学是多因素的，并且可以通过生活方式改变，但饮食对认知功能作用的证据仍在积累，特别是植物性食物成分的潜在预防作用。我们旨在使用三种互补的方法（纵向、横断面和联合分析）确定较高的饮食类黄酮（植物性饮食的关键组成部分）的习惯性摄入量是否与改善认知和内侧颞叶体积有关。在 18-89 岁的 1126 对女性双胞胎（n=224，对饮食和认知数据进行 10 年随访）中，总黄酮和七个亚类（黄烷酮、花青素、黄烷-3-醇、黄酮醇、黄酮）的习惯性摄入量, 聚合类黄酮（和原花青素分开））使用经过验证的食物频率问卷计算。使用剑桥神经心理学测试自动电池测试评估认知。使用磁共振成像（16 对单卵双胞胎）在一个子集中测量海马体积。统计模型针对一系列饮食和生活方式因素进行了调整。黄烷酮（三分位数 (T)3-T1=0.45, 95%CI 0.13,0.77; p=0.01）和花青素（T3-T1=0.45, 95%CI 0.08,0.81; p=0.02）摄入量增加与改善相关在年龄相关的认知评分超过 10 年。在横断面分析中，黄烷酮 (T3-T1= 0.12, 95% CI 0.02, 0.21; p=0.02) 和原花青素 (T3-T1= 0.13, 95% CI 0.02, 0.24; p=0.02) 摄入量较高与改进配对关联学习。较高的花青素摄入量与改善执行功能显着相关（T3-T1= -0.52，95% CI 0.19, 0.84；p=0.001）和更快的简单反应时间（T3-T1= -18.1, 95% CI -35.4， -0.7；p=0.04）。在双胞胎分析中，基线时花青素 (2.0%, p=0.01) 和原花青素 (2.0%, p=0.02) 摄入量较高的人在 12 年后左海马体积最大。长期少量习惯性摄入富含类黄酮的食物（含有花青素、黄烷酮和原花青素；相当于每天大约两份橙子和蓝莓）有可能减缓认知衰老。在双胞胎分析中，基线时花青素 (2.0%, p=0.01) 和原花青素 (2.0%, p=0.02) 摄入量较高的人在 12 年后左海马体积最大。长期少量习惯性摄入富含类黄酮的食物（含有花青素、黄烷酮和原花青素；相当于每天大约两份橙子和蓝莓）有可能减缓认知衰老。在双胞胎分析中，基线时花青素 (2.0%, p=0.01) 和原花青素 (2.0%, p=0.02) 摄入量较高的人在 12 年后左海马体积最大。长期少量习惯性摄入富含类黄酮的食物（含有花青素、黄烷酮和原花青素；相当于每天大约两份橙子和蓝莓）有可能减缓认知衰老。