Neoliberalism and authoritarianism are intimately connected, as is demonstrated by the existence of a growing body of literature on ‘authoritarian neoliberalism’. This article provides a taxonomy of authoritarian neoliberalism and claims that it appears in three varieties – technocracy, populist nationalism, and traditional authoritarianism. Also, it proposes both an overview of the varieties and an analysis of three states as case studies. States are investigated as actors which strongly contribute to the neoliberal project amidst a more complex process of multilocalized and variegated neoliberalizations, which have to be incorporated into the comparative research. First, Italy is studied as a consolidated Western democracy which has been often governed by technocrats, independent, non-party professionals who have recurrently been in power since the 1990s, and within the frame of an increasingly technocratic European Union. Second, the paper concentrates on Hungary, a semi-peripheral Central European country which has become an epitome of a populist nationalism with increasingly authoritarian traits. Third, the paper focuses on Kazakhstan, a former Soviet Union republic with no significant experience of liberal democracy before independence, and a key example of the ‘traditional authoritarian’ variety. The three varieties, however, are sometimes combined and coexisting, and their evolution will be decisive for the future of capitalism and liberal democracy.

新自由主义和威权主义密切相关，越来越多的关于“威权新自由主义”的文献就证明了这一点。本文提供了威权新自由主义的分类，并声称它以三种形式出现——技术官僚主义、民粹主义民族主义和传统威权主义。此外，它还提出了对品种的概述和对三种状态的分析作为案例研究。国家被调查为在多地方化和多样化的新自由主义化的更复杂过程中对新自由主义项目做出有力贡献的行为者，必须将其纳入比较研究。首先，意大利被研究为一个巩固的西方民主国家，该民主国家经常由技术官僚、独立、非党派专业人士自 1990 年代以来一直掌权，并且处于日益技术官僚的欧盟框架内。其次，本文关注匈牙利，一个半外围的中欧国家，已经成为具有越来越威权特征的民粹主义民族主义的缩影。第三，本文关注哈萨克斯坦，它是一个前苏联共和国，在独立之前没有丰富的自由民主经验，是“传统威权主义”类型的一个重要例子。然而，这三种变体有时会结合并共存，它们的演变将对资本主义和自由民主的未来产生决定性的影响。一个半外围的中欧国家，已成为具有越来越专制特征的民粹主义民族主义的缩影。第三，本文关注哈萨克斯坦，它是一个前苏联共和国，在独立之前没有丰富的自由民主经验，是“传统威权主义”类型的一个重要例子。然而，这三种变体有时会结合并共存，它们的演变将对资本主义和自由民主的未来产生决定性的影响。一个半外围的中欧国家，已成为具有越来越专制特征的民粹主义民族主义的缩影。第三，本文关注哈萨克斯坦，它是一个前苏联共和国，在独立之前没有丰富的自由民主经验，是“传统威权主义”类型的一个重要例子。然而，这三种变体有时会结合并共存，它们的演变将对资本主义和自由民主的未来产生决定性的影响。