Multifunctional fillers are greatly required for dental resin composites (DRCs). In this work, a spray dryer with a three-fluid nozzle was applied for the first time to construct high-performance complex nanoparticle clusters (CNCs) consisting of different functional nanofillers for dental restoration. The application of a three-fluid nozzle can effectively avoid the aggregation of different nanoparticles with opposite zeta potentials before the spray drying process in order to construct regularly shaped CNCs. For a SiO₂–ZrO₂ binary system, the SiO₂–ZrO₂ CNCs constructed using a three-fluid nozzle maintained their excellent mechanical properties ((133.3 ± 4.7) MPa, (8.8 ± 0.5) GPa, (371.1 ± 13.3) MPa, and (64.5 ± 0.7) HV for flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength, and hardness of DRCs, respectively), despite the introduction of ZrO₂ nanoparticles, whereas their counterparts constructed using a two-fluid nozzle showed significantly decreased mechanical properties. Furthermore, heat treatment of the SiO₂–ZrO₂ CNCs significantly improved the mechanical properties and radiopacity of the DRCs. The DRCs containing over 10% mass fraction ZrO₂ nanoparticles can meet the requirement for radiopaque fillers. More importantly, this method can be expanded to ternary or quaternary systems. DRCs filled with SiO₂–ZrO₂–ZnO CNCs with a ratio of 56:10:4 displayed high antibacterial activity (antibacterial ratio > 99%) in addition to excellent mechanical properties and radiopacity. Thus, the three-fluid nozzle spray drying technique holds great potential for the efficient construction of multifunctional cluster fillers for DRCs.

牙科树脂复合材料 (DRC) 非常需要多功能填料。在这项工作中，首次应用具有三流体喷嘴的喷雾干燥器来构建由不同功能纳米填料组成的高性能复合纳米粒子簇（CNC），用于牙科修复。三流体喷嘴的应用可以有效地避免喷雾干燥过程之前具有相反zeta电位的不同纳米颗粒的聚集，从而构建规则形状的CNCs。对于 SiO ₂ –ZrO ₂二元体系，SiO ₂ –ZrO ₂使用三流体喷嘴构造的 CNC 保持了其优异的机械性能（(133.3 ± 4.7) MPa、(8.8 ± 0.5) GPa、(371.1 ± 13.3) MPa 和 (64.5 ± 0.7) HV 的抗弯强度、抗弯模量、抗压性尽管引入了 ZrO ₂纳米颗粒，但 DRC 的强度和硬度分别为），而使用双流体喷嘴构造的对应物的机械性能显着下降。_{此外，SiO 2} -ZrO ₂ CNC的热处理显着改善了 DRC 的机械性能和射线不透性。含有超过 10% 质量分数 ZrO _{2的 DRC}纳米颗粒可以满足对不透射线填料的要求。更重要的是，这种方法可以扩展到三元或四元体系。填充比例为 56:10:4 的 SiO ₂ –ZrO ₂ –ZnO CNCs 的 DRC 除了具有优异的机械性能和射线不透性外，还表现出高抗菌活性（抗菌比 > 99%）。因此，三流体喷嘴喷雾干燥技术对于高效构建用于 DRC 的多功能簇填料具有巨大潜力。