Access to and from the sea for landlocked states has been a long-standing issue in the law of the sea. Such issue is also addressed by the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (or Aktau Convention), which foresees a right of free access to other seas for landlocked State Parties—Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan—through the Russian Federation. At the same time, it upholds the transit state's sovereignty and right to protect its legitimate interests. Consequently, it is important to assess the limits of the transit state's discretion pursuant to the Aktau Convention. In this regard, that instrument has important linkages with UNCLOS and with general international law. These linkages introduce in the Aktau Convention various norms—such as due regard and reasonableness—that play an important role in its interpretation.

中文翻译：

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《里海法律地位公约》中的自由进出海洋：海洋法和里海“水体”

内陆国家出入海洋一直是海洋法中长期存在的问题。《里海法律地位公约》（或阿克套公约）也解决了此类问题，该公约规定内陆缔约国——阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦——有权通过俄罗斯联邦自由进入其他海域。同时，它维护过境国的主权和维护自身合法利益的权利。因此，根据《阿克套公约》评估过境国自由裁量权的限度非常重要。在这方面，该文书与《海洋法公约》和一般国际法有重要联系。这些联系在《阿克套公约》中引入了在其解释中发挥重要作用的各种规范，例如适当的考虑和合理性。