With space and aerial platforms deployed at different altitudes, integrated ground-air-space (IGAS) networks will have multiple vertical layers, hence forming a 3D structure. These 3D IGAS networks integrating both aerial and space platforms into terrestrial communications constitute a promising architecture for building fully connected global next-generation networks (NGNs).

中文翻译：

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集成地空天网络的多目标优化：当前研究和未来挑战

随着空间和空中平台部署在不同高度，集成地空天（IGAS）网络将具有多个垂直层，从而形成3D结构。这些将空中和空间平台集成到地面通信中的 3D IGAS 网络构成了构建完全连接的全球下一代网络 (NGN) 的有前途的架构。