The study aimed to synthesize calcium fluoride (CaF₂) nanoparticles and compare the push-out bond strength and viscosity of experimental adhesive (EA) and EA with 5 wt.% CaF₂ (CAF-5%). The CaF₂ nanoparticles were synthesized and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopies. CaF₂ nanoparticles were incorporated in the adhesives to yield two groups; gp-1: EA-CAF-0% (control) and gp-2: CAF-5%. Canals of 20 teeth (N = 20) were prepared, and then yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramic posts were cemented. Adhesives were assessed for push-out bond strength and rheology. CaF₂ filler was seen as irregularly shaped agglomerates on SEM. The EDX analysis demonstrated the presence of calcium and fluoride for the CAF-5% group. The FTIR indicated characteristic bands for CaF₂ containing materials. The micro-Raman spectra of CaF₂ nanoparticles demonstrated the presence of CaF₂ by showing strong bands at 840 cm⁻¹, 1380 cm^-1, and 1400 cm⁻¹ for fluorine and 950 cm⁻¹ and 1080 cm⁻¹ for calcium ions. The highest push-out bond strength values were obtained for CAF-5% group samples (cervical: 9.67 ± 1.46 MPa, apical: 8.66 ± 1.24 MPa), and both adhesives revealed adhesive-dentin interfacial fractures. The CAF-5% adhesive also revealed comparable rheological properties with the controls. The addition of CaF₂ nanoparticles in the adhesive improved its push-out bond strength to Y-TZP post and root dentin, although CAF-5% showed reduced viscosity on rheological assessment (compared with the controls).

中文翻译：

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Y-TZP 桩与氟化钙渗透树脂牙本质粘合剂的粘合完整性：SEM、EDX、FTIR 和显微拉曼研究

该研究旨在合成氟化钙 (CaF ₂ ) 纳米颗粒，并比较实验粘合剂 (EA) 和 EA 与 5 wt.% CaF ₂ (CAF-5%)的推出粘合强度和粘度。合成CaF ₂纳米粒子，然后用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)-能量色散 X 射线光谱 (EDX)、傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 和显微拉曼光谱表征。CaF ₂纳米粒子被掺入粘合剂中以产生两组；gp-1：EA-CAF-0%（对照）和 gp-2：CAF-5%。20 齿根管 ( N = 20)，然后用氧化钇稳定的四方氧化锆多晶 (Y-TZP) 陶瓷柱进行胶结。评估粘合剂的推出粘合强度和流变学。CaF ₂填料在SEM上被视为不规则形状的附聚物。EDX 分析表明 CAF-5% 组中存在钙和氟化物。FTIR 显示了含有CaF ₂的材料的特征谱带。氟化钙的微拉曼光谱_2个纳米颗粒表现出的CaF存在₂通过示出在840厘米强谱带^-1，1380厘米^-1，和1400厘米^-1为氟和950厘米^-1和1080厘米^-1对于钙离子。CAF-5% 组样品（颈椎：9.67 ± 1.46 MPa，根尖：8.66 ± 1.24 MPa）获得了最高的推出粘合强度值，两种粘合剂均显示粘合剂-牙本质界面断裂。CAF-5% 粘合剂还显示出与对照物相当的流变特性。在粘合剂中添加 CaF ₂纳米颗粒提高了其对 Y-TZP 桩和牙根牙本质的推出粘合强度，尽管 CAF-5% 在流变学评估中显示出降低的粘度（与对照相比）。