Mountains are reservoirs for a tremendous biodiversity which was fostered by a suite of factors acting in concert throughout evolutionary times. These factors can be climatic, geological, or biotic, but the way they combine through time to generate diversity remains unknown. Here, we investigate these factors as correlates of diversification of three closely related sections of Gentiana in the European Alpine System. Based upon phylogenetic approaches coupled with divergence dating and ancestral state reconstructions, we attempted to identify the role of bedrock preferences, chromosome numbers coupled with relative genome sizes estimates, as well as morphological features through time. We also investigated extant climatic preferences using a heavily curated set of occurrence records individually selected for superior precision, and quantified rates of climatic niche evolution in each section. We found that a number of phylogenetic incongruences derail the identification of correlates of diversification, yet a number of patterns persist regardless of the topology considered. All the studied correlates are likely to have contributed to the diversification of Gentiana in Europe, however, their respective importance varied through time and across clades. Chromosomal variation and divergence of climatic preferences appear to correlate with diversification throughout the evolution of European Gentiana (Oligocene to present), whereas shifts in bedrock preferences appear to have been more defining during recent diversification (Pliocene). Overall, a complex interaction among climatic, geological and biotic attributes appear to have supported the diversification of Gentiana across the mountains of Europe, which based upon phylogenetic as well as other evidence, was probably also bolstered by hybridization.

山脉是巨大生物多样性的水库，在整个进化过程中，一系列共同作用的因素孕育了这种生物多样性。这些因素可以是气候、地质或生物因素，但它们随着时间的推移结合起来产生多样性的方式仍然未知。在这里，我们调查这些因素与龙胆的三个密切相关部分的多样化的相关性在欧洲高山系统。基于系统发育方法加上分歧测年和祖先状态重建，我们试图确定基岩偏好、染色体数量与相对基因组大小估计以及随时间变化的形态特征的作用。我们还使用精心策划的一组发生记录调查了现存的气候偏好，这些记录单独选择以实现卓越的精度，并量化每个部分的气候生态位演变率。我们发现许多系统发育不一致破坏了多样化相关性的识别，但无论考虑的拓扑如何，许多模式仍然存在。所有研究的相关物都可能有助于龙胆的多样化然而，在欧洲，它们各自的重要性随着时间和进化枝而变化。染色体变异和气候偏好的差异似乎与欧洲龙胆（渐新世至今）进化过程中的多样化相关，而基岩偏好的变化似乎在最近的多样化（上新世）中更具决定性。总体而言，气候、地质和生物属性之间复杂的相互作用似乎支持了龙胆在欧洲山区的多样化，基于系统发育和其他证据，杂交可能也支持了这种多样化。