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A Narrative Literature Review: What Is the Ideal Density for Environmentally Sustainable Urban Growth?
Housing Policy Debate ( IF 2.420 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-19 , DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2021.1950801
Natalia Bliznina 1
Affiliation  

Abstract

Urban growth in the form of sprawl became a global planning problem in the 20th century. High urbanization rates in combination with low-density zoning regulations put additional pressure on growing cities. Sprawl continues to generate negative social, environmental, and economic impacts. The results of 20 studies presented in this narrative review, which observe the change in urban form over time, indicate that the current urban growth form is sprawl. Compact urban form is considered a sustainable form of urban growth in the literature. The results of 10 studies on the correlation between the urban form and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions show that densification without provision of adequate access to public transportation will induce more traffic, congestion, and associated CO2 emissions. The ideal density is subject to adequate access to public transportation—that is, mass transit-supportive density. Environmentally sustainable densities cannot deliver detached housing as a housing mode in many countries. International agreements on CO2 emissions should be translated and implemented at the metropolitan and municipal levels of governance via tools that have statutory powers. Statutory instruments such as planning schemes, building codes, and planning and environmental acts incorporating precinct-sustainable assessment systems (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE, and Green Star) provide the opportunity to endorse sustainable density objectives.



中文翻译:

叙事文献综述:环境可持续城市发展的理想密度是多少?

摘要

以无计划扩张的形式出现的城市增长成为 20 世纪的全球规划问题。高城市化率与低密度分区法规相结合,给发展中的城市带来了额外的压力。蔓延继续产生负面的社会、环境和经济影响。本叙述性综述中提出的 20 项研究结果观察了城市形态随时间的变化,表明当前的城市增长形式是无序扩张。文献中紧凑的城市形态被认为是城市增长的可持续形式。10 项关于城市形态与二氧化碳 (CO 2 ) 排放之间相关性的研究结果表明,在不提供足够公共交通的情况下的致密化将导致更多的交通、拥堵和相关的 CO 2排放。理想的密度取决于是否有足够的公共交通,即支持公共交通的密度。在许多国家,环境可持续的密度无法将独立式住宅作为一种住房模式。关于 CO 2的国际协议排放量应通过具有法定权力的工具在大都市和市政府层面进行转化和实施。法定文书,例如规划方案、建筑规范以及纳入辖区可持续评估系统的规划和环境法案(建筑研究机构环境评估方法(BREEAM)、能源与环境设计领导力(LEED)、建筑环境效率综合评估系统(CASBEE、和绿星)提供了认可可持续密度目标的机会。

更新日期:2021-08-19
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