Under the ocean acidification (OA) conditions predicted for 2100, the larval stages of temperate sea urchins are smaller, with reduced and abnormal skeleton and changes in metabolic rate. Here, we measure the impact of near-future and long-term predictions of atmospheric pCO₂ levels on the early development of the echinometrid sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus using single male:female crosses, effect sizes and a within-study meta-analysis. Using the developmental signpost of the 16-cell stage, we show a mean delay of 5.11 min at pH 7.7 and 11.85 min at pH 7.5, which may have flow-on effects to later embryo and larval stages. Echinopluteus larvae raised in OA conditions (pH 7.7, 7.5) were ~ 5–10% smaller in body length and 10–12% smaller in arm length than controls. Metabolic rate was highly variable between single male:female crosses—increasing in some crosses, decreasing in others—with a non-significant effect size in the meta-analysis. Preliminary experiments suggest that metabolic rate changes may be impacted by loss of mitochondrial function at low pH. Single male:female crosses showed variable OA responses in all measurements, suggesting that when assessing the population-level impacts of OA on early development of sea urchins there is a need to include high levels of biological replication.

在2100年预测的海洋酸化（OA）条件下，温带海胆的幼虫期较小，骨骼减少和异常，代谢率发生变化。在这里，我们测量了大气 pCO ₂水平的近期和长期预测对棘形海胆Evechinus chloroticus早期发育的影响使用单雄：雌性杂交、效应量和研究内荟萃分析。使用 16 细胞阶段的发育标志，我们显示 pH 7.7 的平均延迟为 5.11 分钟，pH 7.5 的平均延迟为 11.85 分钟，这可能对后期胚胎和幼虫阶段产生流动影响。在 OA 条件下（pH 7.7、7.5）饲养的棘爪鱼幼虫的体长比对照小 5-10%，臂长小 10-12%。单雄性：雌性杂交之间的代谢率变化很大——在一些杂交中增加，在其他杂交中减少——荟萃分析中的效应大小不显着。初步实验表明，低 pH 值下线粒体功能丧失可能会影响代谢率的变化。单雄：雌性杂交在所有测量中都表现出不同的 OA 反应，