The alleviation of global poverty is a major objective of the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals (notably SDG1 “to end poverty in all its forms everywhere”). Many rural people experiencing poverty often rely on forests and tree-based systems, such as agroforestry, suggesting the existence of links between such systems and poverty outcomes. This paper reviews the evidence of such links across multiple dimensions of poverty and well-being, based on an expert panel convened by the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and an extensive literature search. We consider whether, how, where, when, and for whom forests and trees in the wider landscape influence poverty dynamics. We organize the evidence according to four pathways through which forests and trees influence household poverty dynamics: 1) helping households move out of poverty; 2) maintaining well-being levels through subsistence, food security, health, and cultural and spiritual values; 3) preventing declines by mitigating risks and stabilizing consumption; 4) decreasing well-being by generating negative externalities that could trap or move households into poverty. We found that local context matters considerably, with the roles of forests and trees strongly varying across geographical, social, economic, and political settings. Another key finding is that evidence of forests and trees providing livelihood diversification and benefits that help households move out of poverty remains limited, based primarily on a small number of case studies. Evidence on the impact of gender gaps in relation to forest landscapes and poverty pathways is also lacking. However, our findings do suggest that ecosystem services provided by forests and trees play critical roles in maintaining well-being and food security and have the potential to contribute more to helping households move out of poverty and mitigating risks amplified by climate change. This review also highlights cautionary findings related to negative forest externalities that can maintain or move households into poverty. Together, these findings call for policy efforts to support the conservation and sustainable management of forest landscapes and agroforestry systems that are more targeted towards meeting the diverse needs of the rural poor. Our results also point to a need for greater effort to address gender disparities, which have been largely overlooked yet provide a critical opportunity to not only enhance gender equality but also advance sustainable poverty reduction goals.

减轻全球贫困是 2030 年联合国可持续发展目标（特别是可持续发展目标 1“在各地消除一切形式的贫困”）的主要目标。许多经历贫困的农村人口往往依赖森林和林木系统，例如农林业，这表明此类系统与贫困结果之间存在联系。本文根据国际森林研究组织联盟 (IUFRO) 召集的专家小组和广泛的文献检索，回顾了贫困和福祉的多个维度之间存在这种联系的证据。我们考虑更广泛景观中的森林和树木是否、如何、在哪里、何时以及为谁影响贫困动态。我们根据森林和树木影响家庭贫困动态的四种途径来组织证据：1）帮助家庭脱贫；2) 通过维持生计、粮食安全、健康以及文化和精神价值观来维持福祉水平；3）降风险、稳消费，防跌；4) 通过产生可能使家庭陷入贫困或陷入贫困的负外部性来降低福祉。我们发现当地环境非常重要，森林和树木的作用因地理、社会、经济和政治环境而异。另一个重要发现是，主要基于少数案例研究，森林和树木提供生计多样化和帮助家庭摆脱贫困的好处的证据仍然有限。性别差距对森林景观和贫困途径的影响也缺乏证据。然而，我们的研究结果确实表明，森林和树木提供的生态系统服务在维护福祉和粮食安全方面发挥着关键作用，并有可能为帮助家庭摆脱贫困和减轻因气候变化而放大的风险做出更大贡献。该审查还强调了与可能维持或使家庭陷入贫困的负面森林外部性相关的警示性发现。总之，这些调查结果呼吁政策努力支持森林景观和农林业系统的保护和可持续管理，这些系统更有针对性地满足农村贫困人口的不同需求。我们的结果还表明需要更加努力解决性别差异，