The paper uses recently available data on the core economic provisions of PTAs to identify which (types of) provisions seem to promote bilateral exports and the intensive and extensive margins of exports. Our evidence suggests that measures applied at the border on a preferential basis tend to expand existing trade relationships rather than generate new trade relationships, while measures applied behind the border do the opposite. The effects of measures applied on an MFN basis depend on the threshold used to define the intensive margin. Individual provisions fall into two categories, those that have consistent effects across both margins regardless of the threshold, and those that can have opposing effects on the two margins depending on the threshold. The study finds evidence that PTA effects strengthen through time.

本文使用最近获得的关于 PTA 核心经济条款的数据来确定哪些（类型的）条款似乎促进了双边出口以及出口的集约和粗放利润。我们的证据表明，在边境实施的优惠措施往往会扩大现有的贸易关系，而不是产生新的贸易关系，而在边境实施的措施则相反。在 MFN 基础上应用的措施的效果取决于用于定义集约利润的阈值。个别条款分为两类，一类是无论阈值如何都对两个边际产生一致影响的条款，一类是根据阈值对两个边际产生相反影响的条款。该研究发现证据表明 PTA 效应会随着时间的推移而增强。