The onset of parenthood irrevocably changes the landscape of adults' functioning, amplifying the potential for parents' experiences of both developmental losses and gains/growth, in context of increased responsibilities and more limited access to environmental resources/supports. In this article, we draw on dual theoretical lenses to integrate the frameworks of Baltes' lifespan development theory of gains and loss and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model. We summarize empirical evidence in relation to a normative transition, exemplified by the transition to parenthood, and a non-normative event, the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, and show that parents' experiences of developmental loss and gains/growth are inextricably linked. Our findings illustrate how parents' losses/gains are influenced by a broad range of individual and environmental factors, with implications for parent prevention/intervention programs.

父母身份的开始不可逆转地改变了成年人的功能格局，在责任增加和环境资源/支持更有限的情况下，扩大了父母在发展损失和收益/成长方面的经历的潜力。在本文中，我们利用双重理论视角，整合了 Baltes 的生命周期发展得失理论和 Bronfenbrenner 的生物生态模型的框架。我们总结了与规范性转变相关的经验证据，例如向父母身份的转变和非规范性事件冠状病毒 (COVID-19) 大流行，并表明父母的发育损失和收益/成长经历密不可分. 我们的研究结果说明了父母如何