Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a class of organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, which find extensive applications as acaricide, insecticide and termiticide. The use of CP has been indicated in environmental contamination and disturbance in the biogeochemical cycles. CP has been reported to be neurotoxic and has a detrimental effect on immunological and psychological health. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop effective degradation methods for the removal of CP from the environment. In the past few years, physicochemical (advanced oxidation process) and biological treatment approaches have been widely employed for the pesticide removal. However, the byproducts of this process are more toxic than the parent compound and along with an incomplete degradation of CP. This review focuses on the toxicity of CP, the sources of contamination, degradation pathways, physicochemical, biological, and nano-technology based methods employed for the degradation of CP. In addition, consolidated information on various detection methods and materials used for the detection have been provided in this review.

中文翻译：

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环境和食品中的毒死蜱：对检测方法和降解途径的批判性审查

毒死蜱 (CP) 是一类有机磷 (OP) 农药，广泛用作杀螨剂、杀虫剂和杀白蚁剂。CP 在生物地球化学循环中的环境污染和干扰中的使用已被表明。据报道，CP 具有神经毒性，对免疫和心理健康有不利影响。因此，有必要设计和开发有效的降解方法来去除环境中的CP。在过去几年中，物理化学（高级氧化过程）和生物处理方法已被广泛用于农药去除。然而，该过程的副产物比母体化合物毒性更大，并且 CP 降解不完全。本综述重点关注 CP 的毒性、污染源、降解途径、用于降解 CP 的基于物理化学、生物和纳米技术的方法。此外，本综述还提供了有关各种检测方法和用于检测的材料的综合信息。