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Homogenous metallic deposition regulated by defect-rich skeletons for sodium metal batteries
Energy & Environmental Science ( IF 32.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-12 , DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01346g
Zhen Xu 1 , Zhenyu Guo 1 , Rajesh Madhu 1 , Fei Xie 2 , Ruixuan Chen 1 , Jing Wang 3 , Mike Tebyetekerwa 4 , Yong-Sheng Hu 2 , Maria-Magdalena Titirici 1
Affiliation  

Sodium metal batteries are attracting increasing attention on account of their high energy densities as well as the abundance of sodium-based resources. However, the uneven metallic deposition and dendrite formation during cycling hinder the application of sodium metal anodes. Carbon skeletons have been reported in the literature to mitigate the dendrite formation during the plating and stripping of metallic sodium. Still, the role played by different carbon structural features (i.e., pores vs. defects) and relative mechanisms are not well understood, preventing the controllable interface engineering at the anode side. Here, we have rationally designed the structural features of sustainable carbon skeletons from a renewable precursor to unveil the roles of defects and pores for metallic deposition. The obtained carbon skeleton with rich defects and negligible pores exhibits the best performance when applied to protect metal anodes. After long cycling (>1200 hours), the retained high Coulombic efficiency (∼99.9%) of the plating and stripping processes indicates the importance of defects for inducing uniform metallic deposition. Combined with different types of cathodes (e.g., Prussian blue and sulfur), “anode-less” sodium metal batteries with enhanced electrochemical performance are also demonstrated in terms of sustainability.

中文翻译:

钠金属电池富缺陷骨架调控的均质金属沉积

钠金属电池因其高能量密度和丰富的钠基资源而越来越受到关注。然而,循环过程中不均匀的金属沉积和枝晶形成阻碍了钠金属阳极的应用。文献中已经报道了碳骨架可以减轻金属钠电镀和剥离过程中枝晶的形成。尽管如此,不同碳结构特征(孔)所起的作用缺陷)和相关机制尚不清楚,阻碍了阳极侧的可控界面工程。在这里,我们从可再生前驱体中合理设计了可持续碳骨架的结构特征,以揭示缺陷和孔隙在金属沉积中的作用。获得的具有丰富缺陷和可忽略不计孔隙的碳骨架在用于保护金属阳极时表现出最佳性能。在长时间循环(> 1200 小时)之后,电镀和剥离过程保持的高库仑效率(~99.9%)表明缺陷对于诱导均匀金属沉积的重要性。结合不同类型的阴极(例如、普鲁士蓝和硫磺)、具有增强电化学性能的“无阳极”钠金属电池在可持续性方面也得到了证明。
更新日期:2021-08-19
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