Inspired by information theoretic analyses of L1 speech and language, this study proposes that L1 and L2 speech exhibit distinct information encoding and transmission profiles in the temporal domain. Both the number and average duration of acoustic syllables (i.e., intensity peaks in the temporal envelope) were automatically measured from L1 and L2 recordings of standard texts in English, French, and Spanish. Across languages, L2 acoustic syllables were greater in number (more acoustic syllables/text) and longer in duration (fewer acoustic syllables/second). While substantial syllable reduction (fewer acoustic than orthographic syllables) was evident in both L1 and L2 speech, L2 speech generally exhibited less syllable reduction, resulting in low information density (more syllables with less information/syllable). Low L2 information density compounded low L2 speech rate yielding very low L2 information transmission rate (i.e., less information/second). Overall, this cross-language comparison establishes low information transmission rate as a language-general, distinguishing feature of L2 speech.

中文翻译：

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第一语言（L1）和第二语言（L2）语音的信息编码和传输配置文件

受 L1 语音和语言信息论分析的启发，本研究提出 L1 和 L2 语音在时域中表现出不同的信息编码和传输配置文件。从英语、法语和西班牙语标准文本的 L1 和 L2 录音中自动测量声学音节的数量和平均持续时间（即时间包络中的强度峰值）。在所有语言中，L2 声学音节的数量更多（更多的声学音节/文本）和更长的持续时间（更少的声学音节/秒）。虽然在 L1 和 L2 语音中明显的音节减少（声学音节比拼写音节少）是明显的，但 L2 语音通常表现出较少的音节减少，导致信息密度低（更多的音节，更少的信息/音节）。低 L2 信息密度与低 L2 语速相结合，产生非常低的 L2 信息传输速率（即，更少的信息/秒）。总体而言，这种跨语言比较确立了低信息传输率作为语言通用的、L2 语音的显着特征。