With the aim at developing a landscape dynamics framework for environmental planning and management and testing the effectiveness of protected areas in achieving the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations sustainability goals, we characterized the historical transformation trajectories of forest area changes from 1936 to 2010 in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital (Italy). Remote sensing-based products coupled with landscape pattern metrics and fragmentation analysis have been implemented, comparing different historical forest maps. The results show a remarkable forest area gain – from 17.6% to 25.5% – thanks to 68,299 ha of recently established forest. Statistical descriptors showed that the highest relative gain occurred in mountain zones, confirming a wide European forest recovery pattern in marginal areas from past deforestation and overexploitation. Deforestation mainly occurred in the flat and hilly areas where almost 26,000 ha of forests were lost since 1936. In summary, two main forest landscape dynamics were reconstructed: (I) the increase of forest cover fragmentation in the lowland areas; and (II) the rise in the forest area in the interior sectors of the mountain landscape, mainly within protected areas. Restoring the forest ecosystem's bioecological integrity has been highlighted as an urgent action for biodiversity conservation and carbon mitigation. In lowland areas, the study revealed the urgent need to establish new protected areas and rewilding spaces as landscape metrics are relatively below the sustainability targets for healthy forest ecosystems. The proposed framework can be used for testing the effectiveness of environmental planning and management in other forest landscapes to achieve the Agenda 2030 goals.

中文翻译：

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表征罗马大都市区（意大利）森林景观的历史转变轨迹，以有效规划可持续发展目标

为了开发环境规划和管理的景观动态框架并测试保护区在实现联合国 2030 年议程可持续发展目标方面的有效性，我们描绘了 1936 年至 2010 年大都会森林面积变化的历史转变轨迹。罗马首都（意大利）市。已经实施了基于遥感的产品，结合景观格局指标和碎片分析，比较了不同的历史森林地图。结果显示，由于最近建立了 68,299 公顷的森林，森林面积增加了 17.6% 至 25.5%。统计描述符显示最高的相对增益发生在山区，从过去的森林砍伐和过度开发中证实了边缘地区的广泛的欧洲森林恢复模式。森林砍伐主要发生在平坦和丘陵地区，自 1936 年以来，森林消失了近 26,000 公顷。 总之，重建了两个主要的森林景观动态：（I）低地地区森林覆盖破碎化的增加；(II) 山地景观内陆部分森林面积的增加，主要是在保护区内。恢复森林生态系统的生物生态完整性已被强调为生物多样性保护和碳减排的紧迫行动。在低地地区，该研究表明迫切需要建立新的保护区和野化空间，因为景观指标相对低于健康森林生态系统的可持续性目标。