Research has found mixed evidence for the production effect in childhood. Some studies have found a positive effect of production on word recognition and recall, while others have found the reverse. This paper takes a developmental approach to investigate the production effect. Children aged 2–6 years (n = 150) from a predominantly white population in Ottawa, Canada were trained on familiar words which were either seen, heard or produced, followed by a recall task. Results showed a developmental shift: younger participants showed a reverse production effect, recalling more words that were heard during training, while older children showed the typical production effect, recalling more produced words. The effect of production on recall is not unidirectional and varies by age.

中文翻译：

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2-6岁儿童生产效应方向的转变

研究发现儿童时期的生产效应的证据不一。一些研究发现生产对单词识别和回忆有积极影响，而另一些研究则发现相反。本文采用发展的方法来研究生产效果。 加拿大渥太华以白人为主的2-6 岁儿童 ( n = 150) 接受了熟悉单词的训练，这些单词要么是看到的，要么是听到的或产生的，然后是回忆任务。结果显示了一个发展转变：年轻的参与者表现出反向生产效应，回忆更多在训练期间听到的单词，而年龄较大的儿童表现出典型的生产效应，回忆更多的生产单词。生产对回忆的影响不是单向的，并且随年龄而变化。