Infectious diseases are potential drivers for human evolution, through a complex, continuous and dynamic interaction between the host and the pathogen/s. It is this dynamic interaction that contributes toward the clinical outcome of a pathogenic disease. These are modulated by contributions from the human genetic variants, transcriptional response (including noncoding RNA) and the pathogen’s genome architecture. Modern genomic tools and techniques have been crucial for the detection and genomic characterization of pathogens with respect to the emerging infectious diseases. Aided by next-generation sequencing (NGS), risk stratification of host population/s allows for the identification of susceptible subgroups and better disease management. Nevertheless, many challenges to a general understanding of host–pathogen interactions remain. In this review, we elucidate how a better understanding of the human host-pathogen interplay can substantially enhance, and in turn benefit from, current and future applications of multi-omics based approaches in infectious and rare diseases. This includes the RNA-level response, which modulates the disease severity and outcome. The need to understand the role of human genetic variants in disease severity and clinical outcome has been further highlighted during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This would enhance and contribute toward our future pandemic preparedness.

中文翻译：

---

感染结果需要两个探戈：人类宿主和病原体

通过宿主与病原体之间复杂、持续和动态的相互作用，传染病是人类进化的潜在驱动力。正是这种动态的相互作用促成了致病性疾病的临床结果。这些受到人类遗传变异、转录反应（包括非编码 RNA）和病原体基因组结构的影响。现代基因组工具和技术对于新发传染病病原体的检测和基因组表征至关重要。在下一代测序 (NGS) 的帮助下，宿主群体的风险分层允许识别易感亚组和更好的疾病管理。然而，对宿主 - 病原体相互作用的一般理解仍然存在许多挑战。在本次审查中，我们阐明了如何更好地理解人类宿主-病原体相互作用可以显着增强并受益于基于多组学的方法在传染病和罕见疾病中的当前和未来应用。这包括调节疾病严重程度和结果的 RNA 水平反应。在 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间，进一步强调了了解人类遗传变异在疾病严重程度和临床结果中的作用的必要性。这将加强并有助于我们未来的大流行防范。它调节疾病的严重程度和结果。在 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间，进一步强调了了解人类遗传变异在疾病严重程度和临床结果中的作用的必要性。这将加强并有助于我们未来的大流行防范。它调节疾病的严重程度和结果。在 2019 年冠状病毒病 (COVID-19) 大流行期间，进一步强调了了解人类遗传变异在疾病严重程度和临床结果中的作用的必要性。这将加强并有助于我们未来的大流行防范。