Gut microbiota has attracted widespread attention due to its crucial role in disease pathophysiology, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Metabolites and bacterial components of gut microbiota affect the initiation and progression of T2DM by regulating inflammation, immunity, and metabolism. Short-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acid, imidazole propionate, branched-chain amino acids, and lipopolysaccharide are the main molecules related to T2DM. Many studies have investigated the role of gut microbiota in T2DM, particularly those butyrate-producing bacteria. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotic capsules are useful strategies in preventing diabetes. In this review, we aim to elucidate the complex association between gut microbiota and T2DM inflammation, metabolism, and immune disorders, the underlying mechanisms, and translational applications of gut microbiota. This review will provide novel insight into developing individualized therapy for T2DM patients based on gut microbiota immunometabolism.

中文翻译：

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肠道微生物群和 2 型糖尿病：关联、机制和转化应用

肠道微生物群因其在包括 2 型糖尿病 (T2DM) 在内的疾病病理生理学中的关键作用而受到广泛关注。肠道微生物群的代谢物和细菌成分通过调节炎症、免疫和代谢来影响 T2DM 的发生和进展。短链脂肪酸、次级胆汁酸、丙酸咪唑、支链氨基酸和脂多糖是与 T2DM 相关的主要分子。许多研究调查了肠道微生物群在 T2DM 中的作用，特别是那些产生丁酸盐的细菌。越来越多的证据表明，粪便微生物群移植和益生菌胶囊是预防糖尿病的有用策略。在这篇综述中，我们旨在阐明肠道微生物群与 T2DM 炎症、代谢和免疫疾病之间的复杂关联，肠道微生物群的潜在机制和转化应用。这篇综述将为基于肠道微生物群免疫代谢的 T2DM 患者开发个体化治疗提供新的见解。