Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache bush) is an evergreen, perennial, invasive woody shrub that globally threatens agricultural and native landscapes. The species is native to North and South America, but is currently found in over 52 countries; in many of these countries, it is listed as invasive, due to its aggressive and competitive growth. These behaviour traits are characterised by its quick flowering and seed production that make the species difficult to contain and control, as it forms dense monocultures and restricts the growth of many native and pastoral species through aggressive competition for resources, such as soil moisture and nutrients. Infestation by J. gossypiifolia results in a loss of biodiversity in the affected area and disrupts the maintenance of sustainable land systems. It has been reported that J. gossypiifolia is used in many countries as a traditional medicine to treat a range of diseases, illnesses and injuries. However, despite these claims of its positive use, J. gossypiifolia leaves, seeds and stems are highly toxic to grazing animals and humans, leading to disruption and significant increases in the cost of agricultural production through the loss of production and the instituting of necessary management efforts. Around the world, there have been various attempts to control J. gossypiifolia, but these have widely varied in their success. The most common and successful treatments to control J. gossypiifolia, including herbicide application (cut stump application), fire management and mechanical control; however, when each is applied as a single treatment, long-term success is often limited. Consequently, this review explores the biology and distribution of J. gossypiifolia, together with previous and current control attempts, and synthesises potentially useful approaches to control this noxious weed, whilst identifying areas of future research to improve effective and long-term sustainable management strategies for this noxious species.

中文翻译：

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侵入性棉麻风树（Bellyache Bush）的生物学、分布和管理：当前和未来管理挑战和研究差距的全球回顾

Jatropha gossypiifolia (Bellyache Bush) 是一种常绿、多年生、入侵的木本灌木，在全球范围内威胁着农业和本土景观。该物种原产于北美和南美，但目前已在超过 52 个国家/地区发现；在其中许多国家，由于其侵略性和竞争性的增长，它被列为侵入性的。这些行为特征的特点是快速开花和种子生产，使该物种难以控制和控制，因为它形成密集的单一栽培，并通过对土壤水分和养分等资源的激烈竞争来限制许多本地和牧区物种的生长。J. gossypiifolia 的侵染导致受影响地区的生物多样性丧失并破坏可持续土地系统的维护。据报道，棉麻在许多国家被用作治疗一系列疾病、病症和损伤的传统药物。然而，尽管有这些积极用途的说法，棉麻叶、种子和茎对放牧动物和人类有剧毒，通过生产损失和建立必要的管理导致农业生产成本的中断和显着增加努力。在世界范围内，人们曾进行过各种尝试控制棉铃虫，但这些尝试的成功程度各不相同。最常见和最成功的控制治疗方法J. gossypiifolia，包括除草剂施用（切桩施用）、火灾管理和机械控制；然而，当每一种都作为单一治疗应用时，长期的成功往往是有限的。因此，这篇综述探讨了J的生物学和分布。gossypiifolia与以前和当前的控制尝试一起，综合了控制这种有害杂草的潜在有用方法，同时确定了未来研究的领域，以改进对这种有害物种的有效和长期可持续管理策略。