Aquaculture has been the fastest-growing food production sector during the last decades. The supply–demand gap for fish is constantly widening, and declining freshwater availability is becoming a major limiting factor for production. Exploring alternative water resources, such as treated wastewater (TWW), has become a growing strategy for coping with the increasing water demand in agriculture. Reuse of wastewater or TWW for agriculture and aquaculture has been practiced around the world for centuries. However, the extent of the practice and the scientific attention paid to TWW reuse for aquaculture are negligible compared to those for agricultural irrigation. The objectives of this review are to present the existing literature on treated-wastewater-fed aquaculture, to evaluate the prospective reuse of TWW for aquaculture and its economic appraisal, and to identify the scientific and legislative gaps and challenges towards implementation. Most of the published studies on fish culture in TWW suggest that it is feasible in terms of fish survival and growth. Research also shows that fish are safe for human consumption in terms of microbiological contamination and the bioaccumulation of heavy metals and certain organic-micropollutants, with levels found to be in accordance with international standards for human consumption. Moreover, reuse of TWW as an alternative water source for aquaculture holds economic and environmental advantages. It appears that the sociocultural perception is a major barrier, which can be overcome by a combination of further research, legislation and public relations, which can support the implementation of TWW reuse for aquaculture.

中文翻译：

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处理后的城市废水作为可持续水产养殖的水源：综述

在过去的几十年里，水产养殖一直是增长最快的食品生产部门。鱼类供需缺口不断扩大，淡水供应量下降正在成为生产的主要限制因素。探索替代水资​​源，例如处理过的废水 (TWW)，已成为应对农业日益增长的用水需求的日益增长的战略。几个世纪以来，世界各地都在实施将废水或 TWW 用于农业和水产养殖的再利用。然而，与农业灌溉相比，TWW 再利用用于水产养殖的实践范围和科学关注可以忽略不计。本次审查的目的是介绍现有的关于处理过的废水喂养水产养殖的文献，评估 TWW 用于水产养殖的预期再利用及其经济评估，并确定实施方面的科学和立法差距和挑战。大多数已发表的关于 TWW 鱼类养殖的研究表明，在鱼类生存和生长方面是可行的。研究还表明，就微生物污染以及重金属和某些有机微污染物的生物累积而言，鱼类对人类食用是安全的，其含量符合国际人类食用标准。此外，将 TWW 作为水产养殖的替代水源的再利用具有经济和环境优势。社会文化观念似乎是一个主要障碍，可以通过进一步研究、立法和公共关系的结合来克服，这可以支持将 TWW 再用于水产养殖的实施。