Conventional heaters have evolved from traditional rigid heaters to flexible heaters, stretchable heaters, and deformable heaters for the development of soft electronics. Film-based or filament-based heaters can be designed and engineered to fulfill the deformable, adaptable and stretchable applications. Compared with conventional heaters, deformable heaters can maintain stable electrothermal property even with large deformation. Based on this, deformable heaters have shown great potential to be used in the field of Internet of Things and work together with other electronic devices. This review summarizes the structure design strategies to achieve deformable heaters. Parameters, such as electrical conductivity, stretchability, thermal capacity, and thermal diffusivity, play essential roles in the effective design and development of heating devices. New methodologies and fabrication processes are developed to obtain deformable heaters that are expected to be highly conductive, adaptable, and conformable, as well as can be readily integrated with wearable fabrics. This review introduces the latest advances from conventional heaters to deformable heaters, emphasizing key recent developments on methodologies and fabrication processes and strategies geared toward applications in electronic skin, healthcare, deicing, sensors, and actuators. The challenges in this area are critically evaluated, and the perspectives for developing future deformable heaters are presented.

中文翻译：

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可变形加热器的设计和构造：材料、结构和应用

常规加热器已经从传统的刚性加热器发展到柔性加热器、可拉伸加热器和可变形加热器，用于软电子的发展。可以设计和制造基于薄膜或长丝的加热器，以满足可变形、适应性强和可拉伸的应用。与传统加热器相比，可变形加热器即使在变形较大的情况下也能保持稳定的电热性能。基于此，可变形加热器在物联网领域显示出巨大的潜力，可以与其他电子设备协同工作。本综述总结了实现可变形加热器的结构设计策略。电导率、拉伸性、热容量和热扩散率等参数在加热设备的有效设计和开发中起着至关重要的作用。开发了新的方法和制造工艺以获得可变形加热器，这些加热器有望具有高导电性、适应性和适应性，并且可以很容易地与可穿戴织物集成。这篇综述介绍了从传统加热器到可变形加热器的最新进展，强调了针对电子皮肤、医疗保健、除冰、传感器和执行器应用的方法和制造工艺和策略的最新进展。批判性地评估了该领域的挑战，并提出了开发未来可变形加热器的前景。这篇综述介绍了从传统加热器到可变形加热器的最新进展，强调了针对电子皮肤、医疗保健、除冰、传感器和执行器应用的方法和制造工艺和策略的最新进展。批判性地评估了该领域的挑战，并提出了开发未来可变形加热器的前景。这篇综述介绍了从传统加热器到可变形加热器的最新进展，强调了针对电子皮肤、医疗保健、除冰、传感器和执行器应用的方法和制造工艺和策略的最新进展。批判性地评估了该领域的挑战，并提出了开发未来可变形加热器的前景。