We present the scientific program of the Spectr-M project aimed at the creation and operation of the Millimetron Space Observatory (MSO) planned for launch in the late 2020s. The unique technical capabilities of the observatory will enable broadband observations of astronomical objects from 50 μm to 10 mm wavelengths with a record sensitivity (up to ∼ 0.1 μJy) in the single-dish mode and with an unprecedented high angular resolution (∼ 0.1 μas) in the ground-space very long baseline interferometer (SVLBI) regime. The program addresses fundamental priority issues of astrophysics and physics in general that can be solved only with the MSO capabilities: 1) the study of physical processes in the early Universe up to redshifts z ∼ 2 10⁶ through measuring μ-distortions of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum, and investigation of the structure and evolution of the Universe at redshifts z < 15 by measuring y-distortions of the CMB spectrum; 2) the investigation of the geometry of space-time around supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the center of our Galaxy and M87 by imaging surrounding shadows, the study of plasma properties in the shadow formation regions, and the search for observational manifestations of wormholes; 3) the study of observational manifestations of the origin of life in the Universe — the search for water and biomarkers in the Galactic interstellar medium. Moreover, the technical capabilities of the MSO can help solve related problems, including the birth of the first galaxies and SMBHs (z ≳ 10), alternative approaches to measuring the Hubble constant, the physics of SMBHs in ‘dusty’ galactic nuclei, the study of protoplanetary disks and water transport in them, and the study of ‘ocean worlds’ in the Solar System.

我们介绍了 Spectr-M 项目的科学计划，旨在创建和运行计划于 2020 年代末发射的毫米波空间天文台 (MSO)。天文台独特的技术能力将实现对 50 μm 至 10 mm 波长的天文物体的宽带观测，在单盘模式下具有创纪录的灵敏度（高达 ~ 0.1 μJy）和前所未有的高角分辨率（~ 0.1 μas）在地面空间甚长基线干涉仪（SVLBI）机制中。该计划解决了天体物理学和物理学的基本优先问题，这些问题只能通过 MSO 功能解决：1) 研究早期宇宙中直到红移z ∼ 2 10 ⁶的物理过程通过测量宇宙微波背景 (CMB) 光谱的μ -畸变，以及通过测量y 来研究红移z < 15 时宇宙的结构和演化- CMB 频谱失真；2) 通过对周围阴影成像，研究我们银河系和 M87 中心超大质量黑洞 (SMBH) 周围的时空几何，研究阴影形成区域的等离子体特性，以及寻找虫洞的观测表现; 3）宇宙生命起源的观测表现研究——在银河星际介质中寻找水和生物标志物。此外，MSO 的技术能力可以帮助解决相关问题，包括第一个星系的诞生和 SMBH（z ≳ 10），测量哈勃常数的替代方法，“尘土飞扬”星系核中 SMBH 的物理学，原行星盘和其中的水传输研究，以及太阳系中“海洋世界”的研究。