Numerous examples show phase transitions in the structure of atomic nuclei as the excitation energy and the moment of rotation increase and the number of nucleons changes. These are phase transitions of the equilibrium shape and structure of the ground and low-lying excited states of the nuclei, associated with a change in their symmetry. The subject of phase transitions has given rise to a new wave of investigations into the structure of atomic nuclei. In this review, we consider examples of phase transitions, discuss the feasibility of describing them within a collective model of the nucleus with a Hamiltonian depending on a small number of dynamic variables, and also touch upon microscopic aspects of phase transitions.

许多例子表明，随着激发能和旋转力矩的增加以及核子数量的变化，原子核结构中的相变。这些是原子核的基态和低位激发态的平衡形状和结构的相变，与其对称性的变化有关。相变的主题引发了对原子核结构的新一波研究。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了相变的例子，讨论了在具有哈密顿量的原子核集体模型中描述它们的可行性，这取决于少量的动态变量，还涉及相变的微观方面。