We investigate the hadron transverse momentum (p _T) spectra in Pb–Pb (Pb–Pb, Xe–Xe, p–Pb) collisions at 2.76 (5.02, 5.44, 5.02) TeV in the framework of the Tsallis blast wave model with a linear transverse velocity profile and a constant velocity profile. In this model, the Tsallis temperature (T), the average radial flow velocity (⟨β⟩) and the degree of non-equilibrium (q) of the system are common for all hadrons when a combined fit is performed to the p _T spectra of different particles at a given centrality. It is found that the model can describe the particle spectra well up to 3 GeV c ⁻¹. For both profiles, the transverse flow velocity decreases from central to peripheral collisions while the non-extensive parameter q exhibits the opposite behavior, indicating a more rapid expansion and reduced off-equilibrium of the system in more central collisions. Moreover, we observe that, in central collisions, ⟨β⟩ and q (T) from the fit with the linear profile are smaller (is slightly larger) than those (that) from the constant profile, while in peripheral collisions ⟨β⟩, T and q from the linear profile are compatible with those from the constant profile. We also derived and discussed the relation between the Tsallis temperature and the thermal temperature. In addition, to check whether a scenario of an early freeze-out of strange particles exists at the Large Hadron Collider, the particle spectra are investigated by grouping them into strange and non-strange hadrons. The combined fit gives an insight on the degree of non-equilibrium, the radial flow and the Tsallis temperature of the system at the kinetic decoupling. It provides a comparison between the results at different energies in the same collision system and the results in different collision systems at the same or similar energy.

我们在 Tsallis 冲击波模型的框架中研究了 2.76 (5.02, 5.44, 5.02) TeV 下Pb-Pb（Pb-Pb，Xe-Xe，p-Pb）碰撞中的强子横向动量 ( p _T ) 谱线性横向速度剖面和恒定速度剖面。在该模型中，当对p _T谱进行组合拟合时，系统的 Tsallis 温度 ( T )、平均径向流速 (⟨ β ⟩) 和系统的非平衡度 ( q ) 对所有强子都是通用的不同粒子在给定的中心。发现该模型可以很好地描述高达 3 GeV c ^-1的粒子光谱 . 对于这两种剖面，横向流速从中心到外围碰撞降低，而非广泛参数q表现出相反的行为，表明在更多中心碰撞中系统的膨胀更快并减少了系统的非平衡。此外，我们观察到，在中心碰撞中，线性轮廓拟合的⟨ β ⟩ 和q ( T ) 比恒定轮廓的拟合小（略大），而在外围碰撞中 ⟨ β ⟩，Ť和q来自线性轮廓的那些与来自恒定轮廓的那些兼容。我们还推导出并讨论了 Tsallis 温度与热温度之间的关系。此外，为了检查大型强子对撞机是否存在奇异粒子早期冻结的情况，通过将它们分为奇异强子和非奇异强子来研究粒子光谱。组合拟合可深入了解动力学解耦时系统的非平衡程度、径向流和 Tsallis 温度。它提供了同一碰撞系统中不同能量下的结果与相同或相似能量下不同碰撞系统中的结果之间的比较。